Gen 105: Final Project: Student Survival Guide

Axia’s educational resources have been a great help to me throughout this course. The three educational resources covered in this course was, Downloading files for use on your machine or portable device, Navigating the University Library, and Identifying key information within articles. Being able to download reading materials onto cell phones, and MP3 players, improves the quality of the educational experience. Axia College provides other technological tools as well, such as: audio appendixes, digital stories, and tutorials. I myself prefer the audio appendixes and digital stories because when I am able to hear things I seem to be able to learn and remember it better. I’m also able to write better notes, and do better on my assignments without having to keep looking back and searching through the reading materials. The University Library has also helped me a great deal during the course. I prefer using it over going to a traditional library because all I have to do is log onto my student website, click on the library tab, then click on the University Library tab, next all I have to do is type in a keyword to the subject I am looking for. The University Library also has a link so you can send a message to a librarian too. So in my opinion the University Library is better than a traditional library because it has all the same things without you having to leave your house. This course also taught me how to identify key information within articles. Look for different fonts, like bold, italic, or underlined words. Also, words that are different colors. Upholding Academic Honesty was something that I will use during my whole college experience. Three educational resources covered in this course are Understanding Axia’s academic honesty policy, Understanding consequences of plagiarism, and Avoiding plagiarism. To find Axia’s academic honest policy, go to the materials tab, and then click on polices at the left side of your screen. It basically states that the students and instructors all agree to use their own work and not to plagiarize. The consequences of plagiarism are pretty simple, you could fail the assignment and the course, get suspended, or even expelled from the University. Some ways to avoid plagiarism are: *Crediting Authors and Sources, you should make notes of your source as you go. *Know the difference between a quotation and a paraphrase. *Use a citation for an acceptable paraphrase. *Understand that a paper that consists primarily of quoted material from other sources is not considered an original work. *Understand that lifting material off the Internet is plagiarism. *Solicit Feedback. *Citing Sources. (Effective Writing Communicating Your Message. ) Setting and Achieving Goals is actually something that I thought I knew everything about, and wouldn’t be able to learn anything else. I was wrong! The three educational resources that were covered in this course were, identifying long-and short-term educational and career goals, How to reach goals despite obstacles, and how an Axia degree relates to goals. I knew what long-term goals meant and what my long-term goals were; and I also knew what short-term goals meant, and what mine were. Identifying both my long and short-term educational and career goals was pretty easy. My long-term educational goal is to graduate from University Of Phoenix with my Associates Degree in Psychology. My long-term career goal is to use my degree to be a drug councilor. My short-term educational goals are to do all my assignments and participation on time and post them on time each week. Reaching my goals despite obstacles is what I need to work on. I need to prioritize my goals. Anticipate any problems that may accrue, and make a list of things to do if those problems to arise so it doesn’t mess with me meeting my goal. Such as, me not doing well in a class for a couple weeks; then for the remainder of that class I will work extra hard, and make sure to bring my grade up. Managing Time Wisely is a topic I’m very glad we covered in this course. The three educational resources are balancing time between courses at Axia, Juggling school, work, and family responsibilities, and Prioritizing and avoiding time-wasters. I’m a single mother of a two year old little girl, so it can get very hectic at my house. Every time I get on the computer to log onto my student website she will jump right in the middle of my computer and me. I usually have to wait until she is asleep before I can do any work. That means I am up most of the time at 3:00AM and 4:00AM and get up with my daughter at 7:00AM or 8:00AM. It’s very hard! There was an activity that we did, it was Appendix F : Time Management Log. The log had from 6:00AM to 9:30PM down the first column, the second was labeled â€Å"Activities†, and the third â€Å"Comments/observations. This assignment really helped me a lot to see what I was spending my time on, and to figure out how I could change that. Fostering Reading Comprehension and Retention helped be able to read the materials faster, and understand it too. The two educational resources in this course was Using reading comprehension echniques for successful reading, and Using SQ3R and other study habits. Some reading comprehension techniques for successful reading are find somewhere to read that is quite and you won’t be distracted, make yourself concentrate on what your reading, look ahead in the reading to see what’s next, become emotionally involved with what your reading, and define your reading purpose. SQ3R really helped me with my reading as signments. Skim, Question, Read, Recite, Review. When I have to read something new I use SQ3R. It really helps me to remember and learn the material. Applying Personality and Learning Styles was a lesson I found very interesting. The three educational resources for this course was, Using your personality type for distance learning success, Developing your multiple intelligences, Relating to others who have different personality types and intelligences. My personality type was an organizer, and that helps me in distance learning because I keep everything for each class separate so it’s easier to find, I also keep an agenda with my assignments wrote down for each class, and two dry erase boards one for each class.

Social Studies Sba

Acknowledgement The researcher wishes to express her gratitude towards her social studies teacher who was abundantly helpful. The researcher would also like to thank her parents for their kind co-operation and for supporting her financially throughout this assessment. Lastly, the researcher would like to thank the almighty god, without whom nothing is possible. Introduction This assessment is based on child labour.Child labour refers to the employment of children in any work that deprives children of their childhood, interferes with their ability to attend regular school, and that is mentally, physically, socially or morally dangerous and harmful. This practice is considered exploitative by many and legislations across the world prohibit child labour. Statement of Problem What are the effects of child labour in Cumberland village, East Canje Berbice? Reasons for Selecting Area of ResearchThe reasons for selecting this area of research is because the prevalence of child labour among s chools in the researcher’s village is high; the researcher would also like to study the factors related to child labour, like the reasons for children working, problems faced by the children, work place conditions, etc. Method of Investigation The method of investigation used for this project was in the form of a questionnaire. The questionnaire was used because of the following reasons: * It is cheaper It does not require as much effort from the questioner as verbal or telephone surveys * It has standardized answers that make it simple to compile data. Instrument Used to Collect Data Questionnaire 135 New Street Cumberland East Canje, Berbice. 21st September, 2012. Dear Sir/Madam, The researcher is a fifth form student of New Amsterdam Secondary School. The researcher is pursuing a course of subject in the Caribbean Examination Council (CXC), Caribbean Secondary Education Certificate (CSEC) in Social Studies, which the researcher would be writing in 2013.The researcher is re quired to conduct a research on a school based assessment (SBA) based on the topic child labour. The researcher is hereby seeking your assistance. To complete this questionnaire you are required to put a tick ? in the appropriate box. Thank you for your co-operation. Yours Truly, Fifth Form Student of N. A. S. S Nafesia Hack. Caribbean Examination Council Caribbean Secondary Education Certificate School Based Assessment Social Studies 2013 Topic: Child Labour Instruction: To complete this questionnaire you are required to put a tick ? in the appropriate boxes. 1. What is your sex? Male ? Female ? 2.What is your age? 16-20 ? 21-30 ? 31-40 ? 3. What is your ethnicity? African ? East Indian ? Mixed ? 4. What is your religion? Christian ? Hindu ? Muslim ? 5. How much have you heard about child labour? A lot ? A little bit ? Not Much ? 6. What comes to your mind when ‘child labour’ is mentioned? Children being forced to work ? Children working in terrible environments ? Chi ldren working to earn a living due to poverty ? 7. What do you think creates awareness about child labour most effectively? Internet ?Newspapers ? Television ? 8. Which gender do you think is more affected by child labour? Male ? Female ? Both ? 9. Do you think child labour is serious in this community? No ? Yes ? 10. What do you think is the reason for child labour? Education ? Political Systems ? Poverty ? 11. What kind of industry mostly appears in your village? Agriculture ? Household ? Textile ? 12. Do you think a child below the age of sixteen going to work is right? It’s up to them ?They should not cut down on their childhood ? It’s a horrible concept ? 13. Do you think that enough is being done to reduce child labour? No ? Yes ? 14. Who do you think can help to reduce child labour? Schools ? Government ? Business Organizations ? 15. Do you see the problem of child labour being eradicated in the long run? No ? Yes ? Procedures Used to Collect Data To gather data for this assessment the researcher constructed a questionnaire which consisted of fifteen questions.In Cumberland village, there is an average of two hundred (200) households. It was calculated that a sample of 10% was necessary in order to ensure accurate information on the causes, consequences and measures to reduce child labour in the village (10%/200=20). The household was selected by random selection. Twenty (20) questionnaires will be distributed to those homes. It was expected that at least fifteen (15) of these questionnaires will be returned. A total of twenty (20) questionnaires were distributed to the residents of the selected homes, fifteen (15) was returned while the other five (5) wasn’t returned.The questionnaires were delivered on 6th October, 2012 and received on 12th October, 2012. Of these respondents, sixty percent (60%) were females and forty percent (40%) were males. Presentation & Explanation of Data Source: Question 5 – How much have you heard about child labour? Figure 1 – This bar chart represents that 50% of the respondents have heard a lot about child labour, 30% of the respondents have heard a little bit about child labour while the other 20% of the respondents haven’t heard much about child labour. Source: Question 2 – Which gender do you think is more affected by child labour?Figure 2 – This cylinder chart represents that 60% of the respondents are of the view that males are more affected by child labour while the other 30% of the respondents are of the view that females are more affected by child labour. Source: Question 10 – What do you think is the reason for child labour? Figure 3 – This pyramid chart represents that 60% of the respondents are of the view that the reason for child labour is poverty, 20% of the respondents are of the view that the reason for child labour is education while the other 20% of the respondents are of the view that the reason for child labour are the political systems.Source: Question 14 – Who do you think can help to reduce child labour? Figure 4 – This pie chart represents that 40% of the respondents are of the view that schools can help to reduce child labour, also 40% of the respondents are of the view that governments can help to reduce child labour while the other 20% of the respondents are of the view that business organizations can help to reduce child labour. Analysis & Interpretation of Data Twenty (20) questionnaires were distributed randomly to both male and female, ages 16-40.The majority of respondents agreed that child labour is dangerous and harmful. The research reveals that 60% of the respondents are of the view that males are more affected by child labour. Throughout the village, many children work, full-time whether it’s male or female. They do not go to school and have little or no time to play; they are also denied the chance to be children. More than 50% of them are exposed to the worst forms of child labour such as work in hazardous environments, slavery or other forms of forced labour.It was also noted that 60% of the respondents are of the view that the main reason for child labour is poverty, since income from a child’s work is usually crucial for his or her own survival, or for that of the household. Immature and inexperience child labourers may be completely unaware of the short-term risks involved in their work, long-term health problems are common in communities where children are forced to work with dangerous chemicals.Last but not least, 40% of the respondents are of the view that primary school education which is free, accessible and compulsory does more than any other single factor to reduce exploitative child labour. Reducing the costs of education and ensuring that the quality standards are high will be a monumental step towards eradicating the problem of child labour in the long run. Child labour does more than deprive children of th eir education, mental and physical development – their childhood is stolen. Findings The researcher found that: 60% of respondents are of the view that males are more affected by child labour. * 60% of the respondents are of the view that poverty is the greatest cause behind child labour. * 20% of the respondents are of the view that the lack of meaningful alternatives, such as affordable schools and quality education is another major cause driving children to harmful labour. * 80% of the respondents are of the view that the major consequence of child labour is that children face many physical dangers and death from forced labour. 80% of the respondents are of the view that the government and schools can help to reduce child labour. Recommendations & Implementation Strategies Recommendations * Primary Education – should be compulsory and free. * Education and Training for Women – Studies show when women are educated, trained and empowered, child labour drops. * Social Services – should help children and families survive in crises, such as loss of home and shelter. Give jobs to children’s adult relatives – This way, the family won’t suffer and this should indeed be helpful. * The government should ban the worst forms of child labour such as bonded labour, etc. Implementation Strategies * Assisting with developing and implementing national policies on child labour problems. * Creating awareness on the problem nationwide, in communities and workplaces. * Strengthening existing organizations and motivating a broad alliance of partners to acknowledge and act against child labour. Bibliography Social Studies Sba School Based Assessment Subject: Social Studies School: Willowdene High School Candidate #: Centre: Territory: Teacher: Mrs. Mitchelle Year: 2012 Title: TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE Acknowledgements (1) Introduction (2) Statement of the problem (3) Research question * What are the causes of teenage pregnancy? (3) * How does the problem impact the lives of the teenagers? 4) * What can be done to correct this problem? (5) Reason for selecting area (6) Method of Investigation (6) Instrument used to collect Data (7-11) Procedures used to collect Data (12) Presentations and Explanation of Data Interpretation of Data Findings Recommendations ACKNOWLEDGMENTS INTRODUCTION Greater Portmore is a large community in the parish of St. Catherine, which is located in the county of middle sex, Jamaica. One of the sectors of Greater Portmore called Sabina Park is where I interviewed some of the teenage others living in the area. For the past sixteen years I have been a resident of Sabina Park. During my t ime here I have discovered that a number of teenage girls who were suppose to be at a secondary level are not attending school and this disturbs me a lot. I have notice the lack of father figures in most of the teenage mother’s houses in my community, this is so because the fathers refuse to take responsibilities for their children which resulted into single mothering where the child has to grow without his/her father.I have also observed a standard of low living where teenage mothers were not able to go back to school because of the post-natal care of their children and how their pregnancy affected them educationally. This caused them to be unemployed and nondependent. I have therefore decided to perform a survey to examine the cause, effect and solution of teenage pregnancy in Sabina Park, Greater Portmore. Task 1 Statement of the problem How does teenage pregnancy contribute problems to themselves and there babies?Research questions 1. What are the causes of teenage pregn ancy? (cause) Obviously the cause for pregnancy is no use or the misuse of protection. Children under the age of 18 should abstain. So why do teenagers have sex? Why don’t they use protection? Most pregnant teenagers were pressured into having sex. They were so young and naive they thought, and even believed, that they loved so much that they couldn’t say no to the male and would do anything to please him. Boys would tell the girls what they wanted to hear. They would use flattery and vain promises to lure her.If a guy is handsome, looks neat, have a lot of cash and even say the words, â€Å"I love you† on the first date, would drive some girls crazy turning a million â€Å"no’s† into one yes! Most times this would disillusion them from seeing that they were being used. When the males are forcing a girl to do something they do not do it aggressively, they take the time to study her, find out her weakness, and aim. In a number of cases, they did not intend to get the girl pregnant. They just wanted to urgently get what they came for in the relationship. Hence, the non –use or misuse of protection.Some girls are otherwise forced into early sexual activities, resulting in teenage pregnancies, either by choice or by â€Å"design†. Some, due to inadequacy of basic financing, either choose to or are forced by parents to do so. 2. How does the problem impact the lives of the teenagers? (effect) Due to the fact that teenage pregnancy occurred at the Secondary Education stage of life, their lives are affected in numerous ways. Teenage mothers are more likely to become depressed than adult mothers because they have to be worrying about financial needs, limitations, commitments, overall the period of post-natal care.Teen pregnancy can result in a young girl’s education being put on hold indefinitely. Teenage mothers often drop out of school before they had an opportunity to develop meaningful life skills, a higher l evel of education and achieving goals. Teenage pregnancy creates a financial burden for the teenagers because they are too young to obtain a job making an adequate salary to support a family especially because they aren’t experienced and they are under educated. However, because of this they do depend on their parents for financial support.Teenagers do not want to be taking care of a family at such an early age; they do not want to be lack of restrictions they don’t want any responsibilities because they love their freedoms. Most teenage got to go out and enjoy their selves on the weekends; they can’t just sit around and take care of a child when they want to go to parties, movies and even school. They aren’t yet ready to be in a committed long-relationship; therefore they are more single teenage parents in the society. This now leaves one party with the obligation of raising the child on their own.However, as I said before, the parents will be maintainin g their child and grandchild financially. Taking care of a child is a lot of responsibility for one human being, causing less freedom. Teenage mothers often experience social exclusion; they are not able to carry out their usual daily activities, as well as the relationship between both their parents and peers being more distant. Since they are now mothers they have to be spending a lot of time with their babies so they aren’t able to go out with friends but only to do shopping for their child.However, some of the teenagers even though they are mothers still do their normal activities because they are not yet matured or responsible to take care of their child so they would leave them on guardians or friends. 3. What can be done to correct this problem? (Solutions) This issue of teenage pregnancy has been around for a very long time, but is not an acceptable occurrence in most, if not all societies. Because of that, several studies have been done and attempts made to correct, or at least to significantly reduce the problem.Most teenagers are led to sexual activities because of various reasons such as lack of communication with parents, not enough sex education in schools, peer pressure and a lack of responsibility to use protection. An Interaction with a parent plays a big part in a child’s life growing up. Each Parent should have a bond between them and their child where they can have a discussion about the preparation for the outside world including sexual relations. Sex education should also be taught in the homes as much as the other subjects in school.This will make the child more comfortable to know that they can talk to their parents, they are being listened to while being taught at the same time and understanding more about sex education. Teenage pregnancy can be prevented by more availability of sexual education among students in institutions in our society; therefore giving the children more information about the risk of getting pregnant at an early age so that they would at least take it into consideration. Not every child is aware of sex education so most likely it will change someone lives, one more child will have the opportunity to enter the world of work and even if it is one erson who gets the message it will make a difference in their lives and our society. Teenagers are most likely to be pressured by their peers because they are afraid that if they don’t go along with the most popular actions they wouldn’t be classified as a norm. If teenagers would have a mind of their own, stop following bad company and have a higher self esteem they will not be in a situation where they have to be taking care of a child at an early age. Teens should be thinking more wisely as they mature day by day; therefore they would be conscious of where they are heading and block out obstacles in there way like teenage pregnancy.Lack of Protection is the cause of pregnancy but for teenage pregnancy it should not be so . Teenagers should not be having sex so early because their body isn’t fully matured and so they are not ready physically or mentally. The age of consent, strangely is now sixteen (16) so teenagers sixteen and over should become more responsible to use protection because they are now matured enough to know the dangers of life. However, I still do consider that the best way to prevent teenage pregnancy is to abstain because it makes sense. It will make the future better. Task 2Reason for selecting area of research This area of research was selected because of seeing people all around who have been through this situation. It is very disturbing to see women suffering and struggling mentally, physically and educationally because of teenage pregnancy. This is also a recommendation to resolve the problem of teenage pregnancy, making a difference in the society. Task 3 Method of investigation I used an interview to collect the data for my research The method used for investigation h as a number of advantages: * It goes into further details than the questionnaire making the interviewer nderstand their research much better. * It is also useful to obtain detailed information about personal feelings, perceptions and opinions. * Respondents could be lack of reading skills so an interview would be more valuable than a questionnaire. Task 4 Instrument used to collect data Teenage pregnancy Interview Age you got pregnant: 13-15 16-19 Are you a single parent? Were you forced in to having sex, resulting in pregnancy? What was your reaction when you found out you were pregnant? Did you grow up in an environment/home where teenage pregnancy occurred before?If so, how did you relate to it? Were you and your partner thinking about having a family after finding out your pregnancy? Why Did you think of having an abortion? Why Were you afraid of how people would react to your pregnancy? Were you familiar with sex education? Was your baby healthy after birth? Did you contract an y STD’s? If yes, did it affect your child in any way? Did it affect you knowing that you had to be taking care of a child at an early age? What were your parents/guardians reaction when they found out you were pregnant? Did you get any support with the baby from your family?What was your partner’s reaction when he found out that you were pregnant? Were your parents/guardians aware that you were seeing your partner? Did he take any form of responsibility for his child after birth? What were your decisions to proceed in life after your pregnancy? Did you drop out of school as a result of your pregnancy? Have you been able to continue any educational studies? If yes, how long after your pregnancy What main factor do you think would have helped you to avoid getting pregnant so young? Task 5 Procedures used to collect DataSabina Park has approximately 130 houses. It was calculated that a sample of 10% was necessary in order to ensure correct termination of teenage pregnancy . (10% of 130=13) A total of 15 interviews were prepared for selected teenage mothers in the community. Therefore, I went around the neighborhood in searching of citizens who were available. There were a number of mothers who were not in attendance which resulted in the sum of 10 persons included in the discussion. Task 6 Presentation and examination of Data A total of 10 teenage mothers were interviewed succesfully.Of theses respondents, all were females in which 90% got pregnant at the age 16 and 10% got pregnant at age 19. Fig. 1: Pie chart showing the current status of selected teenage mothers Most of the residents (80%) are single mothers because their partners denied to accept the child as their own, refused to take responsibility and also refused to be a part of the child’s family. 20% of teenage mothers are not single because one of the fathers were at a matured age and decided to be a part of their child’s life and the other mother is now married.Fig 2: Pie-ch art showing the period of time it took the mothers to return to school to further their education. According to the chart, 30% of women went back school couple months after their pregnancy. Most of the citizens (40%) took 1 year to go back to school in which 10% of the 40% went back to secondary level and the rest (30%) went on to a territory level. 10% went back to school very late(over 10 years) because of financial problems at the time. However, 20% did not return to further their education because they could not afford financially which led to unemployment. Fig 3.Bar showing the main factors teenage mothers thought would have avoided their pregnancy The factor that got the most percentage was more interaction with parents. 50% of teenage mothers did not have a good relationship with their parents causing them to search for love and neediness somewhere else; they got involved in sexual activities which led to pregnancy. The factor that got the least percentage (10%) was better re sponsibility to have used protection. This was selected because the mother was matured enough to have sex, was not pressured so she should have been more responsible. 0% of mothers would have avoided teenage pregnancy if it was not for peer pressure. Fig 4. Showing if the mothers believed in abortion In figure 4 50% of mothers do not believe in abortion because they could not live with their self with the fact that they killed something which was growing inside of them. Also 50% do believe in abortion because they had financial problems, because of the reaction of their parents they felt ashamed and also they thought that having the baby would have been a very risky thing to do. However, they kept the child. Task 7 Analysis and interpretation of data Task 9 Social Studies Sba Acknowledgement The researcher wishes to express her gratitude towards her social studies teacher who was abundantly helpful. The researcher would also like to thank her parents for their kind co-operation and for supporting her financially throughout this assessment. Lastly, the researcher would like to thank the almighty god, without whom nothing is possible. Introduction This assessment is based on child labour.Child labour refers to the employment of children in any work that deprives children of their childhood, interferes with their ability to attend regular school, and that is mentally, physically, socially or morally dangerous and harmful. This practice is considered exploitative by many and legislations across the world prohibit child labour. Statement of Problem What are the effects of child labour in Cumberland village, East Canje Berbice? Reasons for Selecting Area of ResearchThe reasons for selecting this area of research is because the prevalence of child labour among s chools in the researcher’s village is high; the researcher would also like to study the factors related to child labour, like the reasons for children working, problems faced by the children, work place conditions, etc. Method of Investigation The method of investigation used for this project was in the form of a questionnaire. The questionnaire was used because of the following reasons: * It is cheaper It does not require as much effort from the questioner as verbal or telephone surveys * It has standardized answers that make it simple to compile data. Instrument Used to Collect Data Questionnaire 135 New Street Cumberland East Canje, Berbice. 21st September, 2012. Dear Sir/Madam, The researcher is a fifth form student of New Amsterdam Secondary School. The researcher is pursuing a course of subject in the Caribbean Examination Council (CXC), Caribbean Secondary Education Certificate (CSEC) in Social Studies, which the researcher would be writing in 2013.The researcher is re quired to conduct a research on a school based assessment (SBA) based on the topic child labour. The researcher is hereby seeking your assistance. To complete this questionnaire you are required to put a tick ? in the appropriate box. Thank you for your co-operation. Yours Truly, Fifth Form Student of N. A. S. S Nafesia Hack. Caribbean Examination Council Caribbean Secondary Education Certificate School Based Assessment Social Studies 2013 Topic: Child Labour Instruction: To complete this questionnaire you are required to put a tick ? in the appropriate boxes. 1. What is your sex? Male ? Female ? 2.What is your age? 16-20 ? 21-30 ? 31-40 ? 3. What is your ethnicity? African ? East Indian ? Mixed ? 4. What is your religion? Christian ? Hindu ? Muslim ? 5. How much have you heard about child labour? A lot ? A little bit ? Not Much ? 6. What comes to your mind when ‘child labour’ is mentioned? Children being forced to work ? Children working in terrible environments ? Chi ldren working to earn a living due to poverty ? 7. What do you think creates awareness about child labour most effectively? Internet ?Newspapers ? Television ? 8. Which gender do you think is more affected by child labour? Male ? Female ? Both ? 9. Do you think child labour is serious in this community? No ? Yes ? 10. What do you think is the reason for child labour? Education ? Political Systems ? Poverty ? 11. What kind of industry mostly appears in your village? Agriculture ? Household ? Textile ? 12. Do you think a child below the age of sixteen going to work is right? It’s up to them ?They should not cut down on their childhood ? It’s a horrible concept ? 13. Do you think that enough is being done to reduce child labour? No ? Yes ? 14. Who do you think can help to reduce child labour? Schools ? Government ? Business Organizations ? 15. Do you see the problem of child labour being eradicated in the long run? No ? Yes ? Procedures Used to Collect Data To gather data for this assessment the researcher constructed a questionnaire which consisted of fifteen questions.In Cumberland village, there is an average of two hundred (200) households. It was calculated that a sample of 10% was necessary in order to ensure accurate information on the causes, consequences and measures to reduce child labour in the village (10%/200=20). The household was selected by random selection. Twenty (20) questionnaires will be distributed to those homes. It was expected that at least fifteen (15) of these questionnaires will be returned. A total of twenty (20) questionnaires were distributed to the residents of the selected homes, fifteen (15) was returned while the other five (5) wasn’t returned.The questionnaires were delivered on 6th October, 2012 and received on 12th October, 2012. Of these respondents, sixty percent (60%) were females and forty percent (40%) were males. Presentation & Explanation of Data Source: Question 5 – How much have you heard about child labour? Figure 1 – This bar chart represents that 50% of the respondents have heard a lot about child labour, 30% of the respondents have heard a little bit about child labour while the other 20% of the respondents haven’t heard much about child labour. Source: Question 2 – Which gender do you think is more affected by child labour?Figure 2 – This cylinder chart represents that 60% of the respondents are of the view that males are more affected by child labour while the other 30% of the respondents are of the view that females are more affected by child labour. Source: Question 10 – What do you think is the reason for child labour? Figure 3 – This pyramid chart represents that 60% of the respondents are of the view that the reason for child labour is poverty, 20% of the respondents are of the view that the reason for child labour is education while the other 20% of the respondents are of the view that the reason for child labour are the political systems.Source: Question 14 – Who do you think can help to reduce child labour? Figure 4 – This pie chart represents that 40% of the respondents are of the view that schools can help to reduce child labour, also 40% of the respondents are of the view that governments can help to reduce child labour while the other 20% of the respondents are of the view that business organizations can help to reduce child labour. Analysis & Interpretation of Data Twenty (20) questionnaires were distributed randomly to both male and female, ages 16-40.The majority of respondents agreed that child labour is dangerous and harmful. The research reveals that 60% of the respondents are of the view that males are more affected by child labour. Throughout the village, many children work, full-time whether it’s male or female. They do not go to school and have little or no time to play; they are also denied the chance to be children. More than 50% of them are exposed to the worst forms of child labour such as work in hazardous environments, slavery or other forms of forced labour.It was also noted that 60% of the respondents are of the view that the main reason for child labour is poverty, since income from a child’s work is usually crucial for his or her own survival, or for that of the household. Immature and inexperience child labourers may be completely unaware of the short-term risks involved in their work, long-term health problems are common in communities where children are forced to work with dangerous chemicals.Last but not least, 40% of the respondents are of the view that primary school education which is free, accessible and compulsory does more than any other single factor to reduce exploitative child labour. Reducing the costs of education and ensuring that the quality standards are high will be a monumental step towards eradicating the problem of child labour in the long run. Child labour does more than deprive children of th eir education, mental and physical development – their childhood is stolen. Findings The researcher found that: 60% of respondents are of the view that males are more affected by child labour. * 60% of the respondents are of the view that poverty is the greatest cause behind child labour. * 20% of the respondents are of the view that the lack of meaningful alternatives, such as affordable schools and quality education is another major cause driving children to harmful labour. * 80% of the respondents are of the view that the major consequence of child labour is that children face many physical dangers and death from forced labour. 80% of the respondents are of the view that the government and schools can help to reduce child labour. Recommendations & Implementation Strategies Recommendations * Primary Education – should be compulsory and free. * Education and Training for Women – Studies show when women are educated, trained and empowered, child labour drops. * Social Services – should help children and families survive in crises, such as loss of home and shelter. Give jobs to children’s adult relatives – This way, the family won’t suffer and this should indeed be helpful. * The government should ban the worst forms of child labour such as bonded labour, etc. Implementation Strategies * Assisting with developing and implementing national policies on child labour problems. * Creating awareness on the problem nationwide, in communities and workplaces. * Strengthening existing organizations and motivating a broad alliance of partners to acknowledge and act against child labour. Bibliography

Target Market Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Target Market Strategy - Essay Example It’s truly going to be computerized shoes or slippers in everyone’s foots. The microcomputer chips attached to these shoes or slippers can automatically measure one’s walk-distances, count his footsteps, measure his blood-pressure in foots, compute the speed of a sportsman etc. E-Walker will attract indoor players like badminton and tennis because it can electronically track one's footsteps and outdoor players like cricket and football due to that it can help players boost up their sports-ability through the digitized system it has been attached with.E-Walker would offer its products to both sports and footwear suppliers. Sports shoes and other shoes and slippers will be designed and developed differently, and therefore, it will be more economical for the company to use different supply chains to market them. Sports shoes will be supplied to sports suppliers. Other shoes and slippers will be supplied to general footwear suppliers. STP strategy to enter the market s and barrier to itSegmentation strategy of E-WalkerAs Bygrave and Zacharakis (2010, p.170) noted, segmentation is a company's basic marketing dimension for setting the strategic framework and is the key to marketing process of identifying the right customers of the company as well. For effective marketing, it should segment its market by breaking down the total market into sub-groups like geographical, demographic, psychographic and behavioral etc (Lancaster and Reynolds, 2001, p. 68).

HUMAN AGENCY AND COMMUNITY IN A GLOBALIZING WORLD Term Paper

HUMAN AGENCY AND COMMUNITY IN A GLOBALIZING WORLD - Term Paper Example The human individual has to face different social events that are continuously influencing many aspects of his or her community. Humans, as agents of social modification and development, face the challenges of world events. Through the presence of globalization, people become more aware of different views and ways of life while being vulnerable to being engulfed by such new ideas. They are susceptible to incorporating new perspective in their practice. Thus, the human individual as social agent has a big role in restructuring or maintaining the norms and traditions of his or her society. In this paper, an exploration will be presented about how a human individual in a globalized world setting is acting upon the events and changes happening in his or her society. In light to the discussion, narratives from Ha Jin’s book will be studied focusing on the issues of changing societies and human individuality. Two instances of globalization from Ha Jin’s book will be discussed and will be examined using Amartya Sen’s and Kwame Anthony Appiah’s comments and discussions in connection with globalization and the status of human individual in the global community. ... One instance of globalization that is illustrated in the book is that of the situation of the narrator in the ‘An Entrepreneur Story’ where he experienced how money and capitalism influences many things in the world (Ha 116-126), if not all. In this example, capitalism as used by international community as political and economic strategy is being projected in the narrator’s thoughts and intention. Generally, capitalism becomes central to the theme of the story. The implicit and explicit conditions of people in a nearly capitalist community as influenced by world economic politics are depicted. Another event in the book where implications of globalization can be found is that of the story of a man in the title story. The story narrating about a man named Baowen, a husband, (Ha 91) arrested because of the ‘crimes’ of homosexuality is quite surprising. In the story, homosexuality is viewed to be like an illness that needs clinical cure. In here, we see h ow myths about the matter are being shown implying the deep-rooted political and social factors influencing it. This instance is also related to the outside phenomenon happening outside the setting’s local community. In the global society, certain views and modifications about the issue of gender and homosexuality have circulated and startled people from different parts of the world. This matter is just one of the prominent issues talked about in the international communities. Thus, it is apparent that the characters in the story, representing ‘the human individuals’ in the community, are affected by the circulating views and perspectives introduced by globalization. In reading Ha Jin’s stories, particularly those instances

Dynamics Of Crime And Delinquency Research Paper

Dynamics Of Crime And Delinquency - Research Paper Example General deterrence states that the punishing offenders warn the rest of the population from engaging in the same crime. General deterrence is meant to make people aware of the horrors and sanctions thus scaring them from committing crimes. Since the general deterrence was meant to deter those, who witness the infliction of pain on the criminal, corporal punishments, were traditionally carried out in public so that it could scare off people from repeating such crime (Hugh and Scott, 2010). Specific deterrence on the other side is designed to deter only the individual offender from repeating the same crime. Proponents of specific deterrence hold that severe punishment will deter the offender from committing a similar crime in the future. A student severely punished for bullying a fellow student is likely not to repeat the same act in the future. Deterrence theories are good examples of correctional measures that are helpful in solving criminal acts in our schools. However, not all crimes are easy to solve because some are more complex than others. Additionally, not all the crimes attract similar penalties. An important factor that hinders the application of deterrence in our schools is the individual differences among the students. Not all students experience the threat of a correctional punishment. Some students, for instance, are short sited, more impulsive, inebriated, or are under the peer influence and they, therefore, tend to repeat the same crimes. Some crimes are easy to deter than others, and some people easily respond positively to deterrence than others. For instance, in schools, it is easier to deter bullying than to curb drug and substance abuse because drugs become a habit, and individual students are likely to become addicted. Additionally, deterrence may not apply to some people because of their personalities and their emotional response (Barlow & Kauzlarich, 2010).

Independent Readings in Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Independent Readings in Management - Essay Example Kabani also recommends utilization of social advertising that she argues that will attract more customers and reach a wider share of market. She finally recommends that businesses should take advantage of evolving search engine marketing and integrate marketing activities for better results (Cho Web). 2. Another challenge is that the recommended techniques are available to everyone thus putting marketing at arms race where every business strives for the next edge over its competitors. High level of competition may be expensive and stressful because of the constant need of acquiring new machines and software as well as training employees on emerging practices. 3. Apparently, all marketers are gearing towards more efficient and most effective way of marketing, this may lead to homogenization in both products, and their style of promotion since replication is very easy in digital technology. This will therefore make it difficult for consumers to distinguish between products and enhance public pessimism regarding the process of

7 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

7 - Research Paper Example In order to develop such a system, the software development team should make use of different design patterns because these patterns help them detect problems that arise during the development. It also provides an effective solution of problems (Martin, 2000). â€Å"In object oriented architectures, a design repeats the same structures over and over again. These repeating structures of design and architecture are known as design patterns† (Martin, 2000). Additionally, there are many design patterns that are used in different scenarios. In addition, each pattern is aimed at solving a specific problem (Hauck, 2014). The objective of this paper is to discuss the pattern that can be used for an automatic health monitoring system. In the scenario of an automatic health monitoring system the behavioral pattern is best suited because behavioral patterns are useful for supporting communication between different objects. In software engineering, behavioral design patterns are typical design patterns, which are required for identifying common communication patterns and connecting different objects. In this manner behavioral patterns are helpful in increasing flexibility in carrying out any sort of communication between objects. In fact, this pattern offers much greater flexibility than other patterns because this pattern allows software developers to decouple objects from each other. Due to this coupling and decoupling facilities, they can be easily configured to make dynamic algorithms and methods (Schatten, 2013; Morandi, et al., 2013). In the scenario of an automatic health monitoring system there are different objects, which have various relationships and can demonstrate different results in response to different inputs. The pattern that we will use for an automatic health monitoring system is known as behavioral pattern. The working of this pattern is discussed

Meeting the Challenge of Sustainable Business' - Cork Industry in Term Paper

Meeting the Challenge of Sustainable Business' - Cork Industry in Portugal - Term Paper Example Internationalization strategies vary from company to company. For instance, a company may opt to seek a different strategy after an in depth analysis of the target market and the type the business or the line of products the company deals in. however, for a company that want to survive it has to ensure that its strategy is effective and efficient. This paper tries to analyse the sustainability strategy for Amorim. The Amorim Company focuses on the Cork products business. Its research and design department contributed immensely towards the discovery, examination and implementation of the most appropriate practices in cork oak forest in Portugal. The department further develops in-depth studies into the cultivation of the oak trees that provide cork harvests. In order to ensure sustainability, Amorim fosters strict association with both external and internal research platforms. This strategy aims at guaranteeing the quality of cork oak by-products, as well as the vitality of the forests. Therefore, the company collaborates with institutes associated with forestry and agriculture. The paper analyses the business strategies, PESTEL Analysis and the trends that exhibit the company. Despite not owning a forest, the Amorim Company focuses on the Cork products business. Its research and design department contributed immensely towards the discovery, examination and implementation of the most appropriate practices in cork oak forest in Portugal. The department further develops in-depth studies into the cultivation of the oak trees that provide cork harvests. As a result, the company provides the appropriate mechanisms for diseases and pests control of the oak tree (Aronson, 2009, 5). The West Mediterranean Basin boasts of two point two million hectares of Cork oak forests. Roughly ninety percent of the forest area of the cork oak species can be found in Spain, Portugal, Algeria and Morocco. Farmers in this regions

Health science Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Health science - Essay Example Repolarization: It is a case where neuron membrane potential returns to negative value, back to resting membrane potential. This is due to movement of positively charged K+ ions out of the cell which takes less than a second. Frontal lobe: It is the part of the lobe that controls important skills for humans, such as memory, emotions. Other responsibilities include primary motor function/ ability to consciously move our muscles and two key areas related to speech. Some of the things we say to our friends are misinterpreted where they come up with their own stories. Recently my co-worker requested me to accompany her to a dinner out of the city, which I declined with a good reason. The reason I declined the deal was because I was supposedly attending another concert, and being the organizer, I had to see that all went well throughout the event. Unfortunately we later met with the same colleague while in the company of another lady friend. Contrary to my expectations, the colleague assumed that I had turned down her deal for a better one. I was not in a position to explain what happened in that moment, but fortunately I did later. It is thus true that it is not what is intended, but what is perceived matters. A type 2 diabetes treatment for newly diabetic patients recently has grown in complexity. Some of the older therapies continue to be supplemented by the new ones. Emerging research compares effectiveness and safety while monitoring these patterns critically. Some of the emerging trends include new classes of devices adding and drugs, thus improving lives for type 2 diabetes patients. The condition can also be treated by learning how to exercise and chose the right diet. Doctors are becoming more vigilant in treating diabetes. The current medical expertise is helping type 2 diabetes patients to be diagnosed and treated earlier than they once did. These trends like new medications advanced eating habit and new drug research through available technology will

Explain the significance of time-to-market and how this can be Essay

Explain the significance of time-to-market and how this can be enhanced - Essay Example The concept of time to market is very important for any company or organization. A decreased time to market is good for a company because it makes the sales of the company’s products go high, whereas increased time to market makes a company less competitive. If a company does not pay attention to the significance of the time to market concept, it results in decreasing the overall productivity and profitability of the company, which ultimately makes the company less productive in nature. Generation of revenues is directly related to the time, which a product takes from its development to its availability in the market. Reduction in the time to market of new products and services increases the revenues for a company, whereas delay in the time to market of new products and services not only results in decreasing the revenues but also increases the costs of development. Reduced time to market also increases the productivity for a company. If a company brings its products in the ma rket before any other company brings the same product in the same market, it results in increasing the productivity of the company because the product will be new for the customers and they will like to buy that product which will increase the demand for the that product.

Diversity of human potential Essay Example for Free

Diversity of human potential Essay Gardner meanwhile developed the concept of multiple intelligences to reflect diversity of what human beings can do. He argued that there aptitudes or different propensities including linguistics, logical-mathematical, musical, bodily-kinesthetic, spatial, interpersonal and intrapersonal intelligences. Learning as a social behavior Bandura’s social learning theory extends the concept of the human potential and noted the role of obtaining competencies through the process of response consequences or observational learning which is essentially imitation or modeling. Modeling according to this theory has four components. Attention, the first component is perception of the significant attributes of a particular behavior. Retention is the next component or coding or committing the behavior to memory. Motor reproduction is the ability to reproduce the modeled behavior. The fourth component is motivational or reinforcements – the necessary push to do set of actions associated with the particular behavior (Bandura, 1975). The three basic psychological concepts outlined above just about cover the domain of psychology and points us to the direction that although there are individual competencies or potentials what happened if these individuals co-exists at particular setting. Bandura posited learning would be impossibility without a social setting even assuming the individual has the potential to learn (Bandura, 1962, , 1975). Accounting for variations. Levels of permanence and variability defines features of the individual like body shape which is relatively permanent than mental recognition or perception which could change quickly which may be internal or influenced by external factors. If modeling is a way of learning accounting for changes through time would be the next step, which is progression. In the case of suicide which has very strong negative association Kolb’s experiential learning cycle model would be helpful and may provide an expanded understanding on how groups or social networks form. This is very important as it has been shown modeling or experiencing losing someone because of suicide is a difficult phase which has proven significant as shown by Bearman and Moody, in terms of suicidal ideation or making the person who committed suicide a model figure (Bearman Moody, 2004). Kolb identified four phases which has interesting interrelationships if taken not as phases but states of mind which is simultaneously being processed. Psychological diversity would be immense because of possibilities of dominance of each of the state of minds. Concrete experience (CE) and abstract conceptualization (AC), for example could be taken as off tangent to each other as experience could be taken as activity which is cyclical in itself but abstraction and conceptualization (AC) is progressive. Human potential may have been the same in the past 300 years but the explosion of knowledge because of science and technology what Bruner may call as powerful amplifiers. Reflective observation (RO) and active experimentation (AE) meanwhile in context of CE and AC could explain possible changes or how situations develop. To tie these all up is talking about the process cognition. As applied to understanding of the complex act of committing suicide, we see that actual experience or feeling the pressure from the environment as continuing until the final act. It is easy to understand what clinical psychologist would point out that suicidal tendencies should be seen as a form of mental illness an irrational behavior wherein the mind or the will has ceased to function. Kolb’s model is posited on the positive or rational thinking and development towards a higher plane of competence and learning as the rule or trend of human behavior. But still we could use Kolb’s and others thinking on human development as operative albeit the outcome is generally considered unacceptable. A lot of cases tends to point out there are risky social situations which may push some people into progressive stages until the act of committing suicide. For this we explore the sociological perspectives.

The Connotation Of Marketing Marketing Essay

The Connotation Of Marketing Marketing Essay Introduction Nowadays, marketing activities influence people in both the roles as suppliers of products and services and as customers. Marketing plays a great part for companies in knowing their clients, the products and services to offer, the advertising means and so forth. As for individuals, marketing is important for them to choose a particular brand of fashionable dresses and even toothpaste. But marketing is much more than selling or advertising activities. In this essay, the concept of marketing will be introduced in the beginning, and then the essay places an emphasis on the full range of connotation for marketing including marketing strategies, the consumer behavior, environmental analysis, and marketing ethics. Finally, it is concluded that marketing is a comprehensive process that involves all of the activities of managing and satisfying demand through the exchange process. Marketing is a Comprehensive Process As to the definition of marketing, most people, even some entrepreneurs, would hold that marketing mean selling or advertising, however, marketing is an activity more complex than selling or advertising. A proper definition of marketing should not only consider economy, but also includes institutions, people, and new ideas. Marketing is a process of offering products and services, pricing, promotion and distribution to meet the individual and organizational demand through exchanges (AMA, 1985). A company achieves its goals by satisfying both the domestic and foreign customers, and marketing is concerned with the activities to enlarge the market share of the company by matching the demand. This definition indicates that marketing includes not only the enterprises and individuals, but also the activities of non-profitable institutions or the marketing of a great idea or a service as well as a product. All in all, marketing involves products, services, organizations, people and ideas. Marketing Strategies According to McCarthy (1960), marketing strategies include products, pricing, promotion and place. Products or services are the basic content in the marketing process, which can be classified as goods or services and as customer or industrial. Classification is significant because it concentrates on the disparities in the characteristics of products and the different marketing implications. A reasonable pricing also counts in the process of marketing which should be profitable to the company and beneficial to the consumers. In the process of marketing, promotion is necessary to make the products, services or ideas known to the consumers. Means of promotion includes personal selling, advertising and public relations, price discounts and so forth. Distribution planning exerts a significant impact on the marketing program used by a firm, because middlemen can play a wide variety of marketing roles, the firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s marketing plan will be different if it sells its products dir ect rather than through intermediaries. Environmental Analysis Environmental influences consist of sociocultural and technological, economic and competitive as well as political and legal influences (Kotler, 2006). Individuals are easily influenced both by the trends of the whole society and by a need to comply with the rules of the different social groups to which they belong, and to improve their status in those groups. With the development of technology, consumers can receive more individually-oriented offerings, and thus their expectations are raised about the quality of the product and service. The flourish of products and services lead to brand changing or offer the consumers with the information to make more meticulous decisions. And regulation and legislation, whether they relate to the product introductions, customer rights or advertising means, also decrease the risk of decision-making. This reduces some pressure of the customer, leading to discerning and easier decisions and less risk of post-purchase disturbance. Marketing Ethics Marketing ethics are the marketerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s standards of behavior and moral values, as Homburg (2001) maintains. They are related to the decision to do what is morally right or what is morally wrong. Traditionally, the concept of business responsibility has cared about the relationship between the enterprise and consumers, the work staff, and the stockholders. The enterprise is responsible for providing the customers with high-quality product at a rational price, decent salaries and a comfortable working environment for the staff and an adequate profit level for stockholders. Contemporary marketing decisions must regularly consider the external social environment. Decisions must also account for eventual, long-run effects. Socially responsible decisions must consider future generations as well as existing society. Conclusion In conclusion, in the process of marketing, selling or advertising is essential if a company want to attain its objectives, but more emphasis must be placed on the marketing strategies, and it is also of great importance to take environmental influences into consideration, which can exert impact on consumerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s decision-making. With people concern more about the ecology and healthy ways of consumption, marketers must care about environmentally-friendly marketing despite the high-quality products and services.

Application of Systems Theory in Social Work

Application of Systems Theory in Social Work Systems in Practice Introduction The United Kingdom Children Act 1989 (HMSO, 1989) sets forth all childcare law as such relates to children that are being accommodated by a Local Authority. At the core of the Children Act are the beliefs that children are served best when they are in their own homes (Devon County Council, 2007a). Additionally, the core beliefs of the Act are that the child’s welfare is of the utmost importance, that the child’s parents should stay involved in any and all legal proceedings concerning them, and that such a course of action be avoided if possible (Devon County Council, 2007a). It, the Act, also holds that child welfare is to be promoted, and that children should stay within their families unless unavoidable (Devon County Council, 2007a). Lastly the needs of the child taking into account factors such as race, religion, culture as well as language represent critical facets. In those instances when a child comes under the care of a local authority, it is the responsibility o f the local authority to see to the needs of children in these instances (Devon County Council, 2007b). The foregoing represents important background considerations with regard to the foster care, and the principles underlying such. These basics represent the foundations of any fostering care, placement, and related applications. This examination shall review a case study on social work placement to delve into the manner in which the application of theory, and ideas as they relate to group work on social work practice. Hammond (2003, p. xi) indicates that the â€Å"concept of systems is a theoretical framework in the physical sciences, the life sciences, and the social sciences†. The systems theory is generally acknowledged to have begun with four people, â€Å"Bertalanffy, Boulding, Gerard, and Rapoport, who met in 1954 at the Stanford Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences† (Hammond, 2003, p. xiii). They founded the Society for General Systems Research, which has since become the International Society for the Systems Sciences (International Society for the Systems Sciences , 2007). The systems theory is â€Å" the transdisciplinary study of the abstract organization of phenomena†, in a context that is â€Å"independent of their substance, type, or spatial or temporal scale of existence† (Principia Cybernetica Web, 2007). The systems theory â€Å"investigates both the principles common to all complex entities† as well as â€Å"models which can be u sed to describe them† (Principia Cybernetica Web, 2007). In the context of social work, the systems theory, in its broadest sense, represents the interdisciplinary study concerning human life, along with social organization as represented by systems (Principia Cybernetica Web, 2007). The complexity, yet simiplicity of what the systems theory is, is represented by the following explanantion by Hammond (2003. p. 32) â€Å"Although developments in engineering and management fields are highlighted in the technocratic approach to systems, the emergence of organismic conceptions in biology, psychology, and sociology during the early twentieth century was more important for the evolution of general systems thought†. She continues â€Å" Of course, biological concepts were interpreted in varying ways within different currents of systems thought, and were often appropriated to reinforce and legitimize managerial applications of systems concepts† (Hammond, 2003, p. 32). Ludwig von Beralanffy (1968, p. xxiii), provides his description of systems theory as â€Å"The humanistic concern of general system theory as I understand it makes a difference to mechanistically oriented system theorists speaking solely in terms of mathematics, feedback and technology, and so giving rise to the fear that system theory is indeed the ultimate step towards mechanization and devaluation of man and towards technocratic society†. The concept, while rather complex, does have a sense of simpliticity in that systems theory â€Å"really refers to â€Å"a way of thinking about† or â€Å"an approach to studying† complex systems† (Hammond, 2003. p. 104). Harris (2002, p. 2) advises that von Beralanffy’s approach was â€Å"a more organismic approach to the study of complex systems, objecting to the narrow reductionism of classical science†. The systems theory, in terms of humans and the social sciences, as expressed by Harris (2002, p. 10) has â€Å"something to offer in the articulation and implementation of a more sustaining and sustainable vision of humanitys future.† In terms of social work, Harris (2002, p. 4) states, â€Å"Within this framework, the welfare state has provided the primary vehicle for the mediation of social work†. Harris (2002, p. 4) continues, â€Å"The institutional and organisational processes of the welfare state have been the source of social work’s legal and moral authority and have constituted the material conditions for its practice.† Pinderhughes (1997, p. 20) tells us that â€Å"Training practitioners for competence with diverse populations is high on the list of corrective initiatives to address †¦ inadequacies† in social work practice†. Harris (2002, p. 4) indicates that social policy is influenced by social workers who â€Å"implement legislation on behalf of the state†, thus exercising considerable influence in their roles as professionals. Importantly, Harris (2002, p. 4) points out â€Å"The law sets out the rights, duties and responsibilities of social workers, on t he one hand, and of service users, on the other, in those socially problematic areas which have been accorded official recognition. The law not only defines the ends of social work, but constitutes the source of social workers’ authority for the means by which they intervene in service users’ lives in the pursuit of statutory duties†. Johnson (1972, p. 77) interprets the preceding by stating that social work is not mediated by its context, rather, it is a mediated professions whereby the state decides the clientele as well as what should be provided on their behalf. Harris (1999, pp. 915-937) tells us that social work represents the â€Å"operational embodiment of the welfare state’s intervention in individual citizens’ lives†. In understanding the context of social work in the United Kingdom, Briggs (1961, p. 228) defines the welfare state a â€Å"state in which organised power is deliberately used†¦to modify the play of market forces†¦first, by guaranteeing individuals and families a minimum income irrespective of the market value of their work or their property; second, by narrowing the extent of insecurity by enabling individuals and families to meet certain ‘ social contingencies’, for example, sickness, old age and unemployment which lead otherwise to individual and family crises; and third, by ensuring that all citizens without distinction of status or class are offered the best standard available in relation to a certain agreed range of social services†. The preceding is important in und erstanding the forces behind social work and how such impacts upon its application, usage and context on lives, as well as the conscious and unconscious view that the public has. In helping to shape this picture further, Marshall’s (1963, p. 74) helps to color the palette further in explaining that the social element means â€Å"the whole range from the right to a modicum of economic welfare and security to the right to share to the full in the social heritage and to live the life of a civilised being according to the standards prevailing in the society† He continues that â€Å"The institutions most closely connected with it are the educational system and the social services† (Marshall, 1963, p. 74) In fact, social work plays an important part in linking the state to its populace as it represents the physical human link between government and what it does for the people that can be seen, felt and touched. Or in other words, used! State functions such as roads, infrastructure, sustainable communities, parks, airports, laws, police, and all of the others services that the state provides are there in a physical sense, such as roads, etc, or there for instances of danger, such as the police and armed forces. Social work is a helping, touchy arm of the state that reaches us in the same manner as health services. Wootton (1959, p. 298-299) offers a description in stating that â€Å"The social worker who does for the run of ordinary people what confidential secretaries and assistants do for the favoured few is putting a genuine professional skill at the disposal of those who may properly be called her clients and she is as essential to the functioning of a welfare state as is lubrication to the running of an engine. Without her the machinery would seize up†. Marshall (1975, p. 205) illustrates the preceding by referring to social workers as the mechanics that apply â€Å"their expertise to the lubrication of the welfare state engine were professionals using their expertise in the delivery of social services†. The government, along with social work identify the segment of the population that requires assistance and thus through budgeting and policy, allocates the resources to meet those needs (Alaszewski and Manthorpe, 1990, p. 237). Interestingly, as the areas of accepted social work practice have come to be seen as the norm, and injustice was made less tolerable, historically, new services were thus clamoured for to feel other needs thus explaining the growing nature of the state and social care (Harris, 2002, p. 13) Gertrude Wilson is generally acknowledged as being a key individual in the development of group work (Smith, 2004). Her first book â€Å"Case Work and Group Work† put forth the integrated approach to social work practice which is based in the theory that personal problems stem from both internal and external sources, and thus must be investigated and examined in tandem (Smith, 2004). Her definition of group work states that 1) it is developmental, in that it provides â€Å"for normal social growth, 2) is â€Å"protective or corrective, representing that it can â€Å"be offered to people without groups†, 3) and that it is â€Å"instrumental† in terms of â€Å"achieving socially desirable ends† (Smith, 2004). The last facet entails the understanding of each member’s personalities, the influence of the social worker in terms of their interaction on the group, and the process of participation (Smith, 2004). A key facet of this process represents the c apability to â€Å"assist participants in dealing with conflict and in accepting ‘outsiders’† (McDermott, 2002, p. 14). She points to the preceding as essential in making the group work relationship become reciprocal (McDermott, 2002, p. 14). It is reciprocity that represents a key element in the process as it sets the foundation for give and take as well as fosters trust, cohesion within the group and this can thus be transferred to the outside world (McDermott, 2002, p. 14). Trecker (1948, p. 7) advises, â€Å"social group work represents â€Å"one method on the profession of social work†. He indicates that â€Å"social case work and community organization work† represent the other methods†. Trecker (1948, p. 7) believes that a definition of social group work is easier to describe than define. He sees it as a method that is comprised of â€Å"an orderly, systematic, planned way of working with people in groups† (Trecker, 1948 pp. 7-8). Trecker goes on to add that the â€Å"method is a conscious procedure, a designed means of achieving a goal† (1948, pp. 8). Additionally, he adds that it is â€Å"a method is a way of doing something, but underneath the doing we always discover an integrated arrangement of knowledge, understanding and principles.† (Trecker, 1948 pp. 8). Important to the understanding of group work in the context of social work placement is the family. Hartman and Laird (1983, p. 4) help to provide perspective in stating, â€Å"Human beings can be understood and helped only in the context of the intimate and powerful human systems of which they are a part, of which the family is one of the most important†. Smith (1995, p. 7) elaborates in stating, â€Å"there is no single, correct definition of family†¦. Rather, there are multiple definitions derived from particular theoretical perspectives.† She adds, â€Å"No one theory could satisfactorily represent the truth, but the many ways we look at families can help us to better understand them† (Smith, 1995, p. 7). Lastly, we shall take a look at Hartman and Laird (1983, p. 30), who tell us: â€Å"A family becomes a family when two or more individuals have decided they are a family, that in the intimate, here-and-now environment in which they gather, there is a sharing of emotional needs for closeness, of living space which is deemed â€Å"home,† and of those roles and tasks necessary for meeting the biological, social and psychological requirements of the individuals involved.† The preceding has been included to aid in rounding out the important external as well as internal elements that are factors in a case study concerning social work placement. A Study One of the most important, delicate, and critical functions carried on by social work is the placement of children in foster homes. As can be imagined, it represents an important as well as confidential process for the child as well as the placement team engaged in the process. Owing to that confidentiality, direct case files are not available, only synopsis of placement studies entailing the methodologies employed. Placement stories entail descriptions of external variables as indicated by basic placement overviews, but not the substance. The Bracknell Forest Borough Council (2005) provided an equitable resource in that it provides an outline of the procedures, and practice guidelines concerning foster placement arrangements made under private fostering regulations. Under the new regulations governing the placement of children, local authorities must be satisfied concerning the suitable nature of any proposed arrangement (Bracknell Forest Borough Council, 2005). If the foregoing is not the case, then said local authority must exercise its powers ether prohibit and or impose requirements prior to the child being fostered, along with any and all needed safeguards. In understanding the nuances of social work placement, certain descriptions and definitions of a few terms will aid in the understanding of the process. A privately fostered child represents any child under the age of 16 years of age, 18 if disabled, that is â€Å"cared for and accommodated for 28 consecutive days† or longer by someone other that the child’s parent, relative or someone provided with parental responsibility as provided by the parent for said instance (Bracknell Forest Borough Council, 2005). The carers responsibility entails an individual â€Å"who does not have parental responsibility for a particular child†, however does have care of the child (Bracknell Forest Borough Council, 2005). The definition indicates that the carer â€Å"may do what is reasonable† in terms of any, and all circumstances to safeguard, and or promote the welfare of that child (Bracknell Forest Borough Council, 2005). In terms of the duties of the local authority, wh ich represents an extremely important facet in the placement of a child, said local authority has a number of important duties to fulfill. These entail factors such as 1) publise advise and information, 2) ensure compliance with regulations, 3) carry out proper checks and visits, 4) ensure children under care is safeguarded in accordance to regulations, 5) ensure timely officer visits, 6) ensure visited children are seen alone and interviewed, 7) investigate al complaints, 8) inform parents or other authorized individuals of the child’s welfare, 9) ensure authority satisfaction with foster placement, 10) monitor compliance, 11) take appropriate action(s), 12) annual evaluations sent to Director of Children’s Services on placements and outcomes (Bracknell Forest Borough Council, 2005). The family placement social worker has the following responsibilities. First, they conduct the initial suitability evaluation of the proposed foster carers as well as all other household members (Bracknell Forest Borough Council, 2005). Next, the social work conducts an evaluation of the accommodations, and neighbourhood environment, and forms a close liaison with the social worker of the child concerning placement suitability and the potential of the placement in meeting the needs of the child as well as the likelihood of furthering the child’s welfare (Bracknell Forest Borough Council, 2005). With the preceding handled, the social worker then makes recommendations concerning the suitability of a meeting with all parties (Bracknell Forest Borough Council, 2005). If the foregoing steps have all concluded positively, the social worker’s ongoing responsibilities thus entail providing support, as well as assistance to the carer and others as appropriate and or necessary (B racknell Forest Borough Council, 2005). The preceding board steps represent the outline of the procedures in child placement. In a actual case, the steps as well as details are more defined. In an actual placement, the fieldwork staff conducts contacts with the parent, if such is the case, and the proposed foster carers (Bracknell Forest Borough Council, 2005). After all the relevant steps under the preceding have been seen to, the assessment is forwarded to the placement social worker, provided the foregoing has met requirements, and the placement process begins. The summary placement outline above brought into the equation the concept of social work from its broader perspective as brought forth by Harris (2002, p. 4) where he indicates that social policy is influenced by social workers who â€Å"implement legislation on behalf of the state†, thus exercising considerable influence in their roles as professionals†. The statement continues with â€Å"The law sets out the rights, duties and responsibilities of social workers, on the one hand, and of service users, on the other, in those socially problematic areas which have been accorded official recognition† (Harris, 2002, p.4). The preceding refers to the rules, procedures and requirements that must be adhered to by the placement agency, social workers and all other involved in the process. The aspect of group work is evident throughout the entire process, even before it begins. The local authority, placement agency, field workers, placement social worker, and child social worker all are engaged under the same regulated procedural network, even if no cases, and or placements are being handled. The regulations call for consistent, and constant monitoring of outstanding placement, thus requiring and causing the varied teams, and individuals to maintain contact. That ongoing working relationship represents the group work theory in practice and application. Trecker (1948, p. 7) described group work as â€Å"an orderly, systematic, planned way of working with people in groups†. To the preceding Trecker (1948, p. 8) added the â€Å"method is a conscious procedure, a designed means of achieving a goal†. McDermoot (2002, p. 3) adds to the foregoing in stating â€Å"Social workers, psychologists, community workers, youth workers and other service providers in the human services field spend much of their time working with groups—as staff members, as colleagues—using groups as intervention strategies†. The initial contact stage starts this collative group work process in the placement environment. The family placement social worker meets with the field social worker and discusses the proposed placement, obtaining a copy of the reports (Bracknell Forest Borough Council, 2005). The trust and competence issues are strong in that each step in the process relies heavily on the steps that preceded it. As a result, the systems theory represents the underpinning that binds the entire process. It also represents the underlying framework that constitutes how the rules, regulations and processes were devised and set up, as well as their ongoing modification as information, expertise and experience warrants. To review, the systems theory â€Å"investigates both the principles common to all complex entities† as well as â€Å" models which can be used to describe them† (Principia Cybernetica Web, 2007). Ludwig von Beralanffy explains that an important element of the systems theory â€Å"really refers to â€Å"a way of thinking about† (Hammond, 2003. p. 104). The systems theory’s interdisciplinary study concerning human life, along with social organization as represented by systems (Principia Cybernetica Web, 2007) represents the underpinning via which the described rules, procedures, regulations, follow up, monitoring, interview, research, and evaluation processes take place. The intial contacts as well as checks conducted by the placement social worker include interdepartmental checks on the proposed carer as well as information gleaned in the initial and follow up meetings and interviews (Bracknell Forest Borough Council, 2005). All of these steps as well as the ones that follow are elements of the systems theory, foundations of social work and group theory. If one steps back from the process and reviews the overall steps again, the relevance of the systems theory begins to take shape. It, the systems theory is â€Å" the transdisciplinary study of the abstract organization of phenomena†, in a context that is â€Å"independent of their substance, type, or spatial or temporal scale of existence† (Principia Cybernetica Web, 2007). The steps in the active procedure do take place in a temporal time frame. However, the functioning of the system of rules, regulations and procedures is always active, functioning and waiting to be utilized whether there is something engaging it or not. In this context, the foregoing precepts underpinning the systems theory gains clarity. McDermott (2002, p. 14) aids in bringing the group work concept into the preceding placement situation in her discussion of reciprocity. She states that it is reciprocity that represents a key element in the process as it sets the foundation for give and take as well as fosters trust, and cohesion within the group and this can thus be transferred to the outside world (McDermott, 2002, p. 14). The foregoing aptly describes the internal working mechanism of the group which at the investigation stage centers upon the placement social worker, and later pulls in the child’s social worker to complete the process. This continues with the evaluation of suitability concerning the carers as well as other family and household members. Through the utilization of the systems theory, all contingencies are evaluated and considered as a part of the whole, and extended whole. In reviewing the process in terms of the lessons learned, and potential for different application(s) in the future, is a prospect of evolution. Regardless of how correctly the system seems from the review of the procedural steps, there is always room for improvement as a result of the human factor, group work, systems theory and social work contexts. The potential for human error looms as the biggest failing point in that the entire procedural methodology is based, dependent and reliant upon human input, decisions, evaluation and observations. The central component in the process the placement social worker who makes the final determination based upon the salient inputs from all other quarters. And while it is true that the field work social worker as well as the child social worker could potential taint the input and results, it is the placement social worker that sorts and arrives at the determination. Thus, as the potential weak segment within the process, a phased step review whe reby a second placement social worker, or supervisor briefed at every turn, periodically steps in at any stage in the live process and makes observations, suggestions, and or calls for additional information to shore up the potential for error, and or critical factors needing closer attention, and or review. In addition, computer modeling of the effectiveness of the group members as an evaluation projection, would serve to alert the supervisory personnel to the potential for weak points in one of the tam member profile as a signal for either an additional check, and or review. Conclusion The seemingly distant facets of systems theory, group work, and social work as a cohesive aspect of placement requires the long view in order to see the fit of these elements up close. At the heart of these theoretical and practical applications is a child, which is and remains the focus of these aspects. Thus, with the well being and welfare of a vulnerable human being at stake, the processes, systems, regulations, rules and procedures can never be too precise, careful or correct, as the cost of error is incalculable. McDermott (2002, p. 1) says, â€Å"You have to have done a bit (of group work) yourself to understand the process.† In terms of the context of this examination, McDermoot (2002, p. 3) advises that â€Å"Social workers, psychologists, community workers, youth workers and other service providers in the human services field spend much of their time working with groups—as staff members, as colleagues—using groups as intervention strategies†. She adds, â€Å"group work is about building bonds between people which depend on the establishment of trusting relationships† (McDermott, 2002, p. 14). She further elaborates, â€Å"It is also about helping to forge connections between people who may be different or unlike one another. This latter activity—finding common ground across differences—is the more difficult, and it is here that group workers and participants require knowledge and skills† (McDermott, 2002, p. 14). The foregoing summarizes the interlinked aspects of the process that call for increased cohesion as well as improvement through modification, interpersonal relationships and skills, as well as understanding that the potential for error always exists, and can hide itself anywhere in the process. With that consideration uppermost in the minds of the participants, the occurrence is less likely to happen. Bibliography Alaszewski, A. and Manthorpe, J. (1990) Literature review: the New Right and the professions. Vol. 20. British Journal of Social Work Bracknell Forest Borough Council (2005) Private Fostering: Policy, Procedures Practice Guidance. Retrieved on 13 May 2007 from http://www.bracknell-forest.gov.uk/ Briggs, A. (1961) The welfare state in historical perspective. Vol. 2. No. 2. European Journal of Sociology Devon County Council (2007a) The Children Act 1989. Retrieved on 12 May 2007 from http://www.devon.gov.uk/index/cyps/fostering/foster_carer-2/foster-care-handbook/fos-law-relat-to-child/fos-law-relat-to-child2.htm Devon County Council (2007b) The Local Authority Fostering Service. Retrieved on 12 May 2007 from http://www.devon.gov.uk/index/cyps/fostering/foster_carer-2/foster-care-handbook/fostering-service.htm Hammond, D. (2003) The Science of Synthesis: Exploring the Social Implications of General Systems Theory. University Press of Colorado, Boulder, Co., United States Harris, J. (1999) State social work and social citizenship. Vol. 5. British Journal of Social Work, Harris, J. (2002) The Social Work Business. Routledge, Boulder, Co., United States Hartman, A., Laird, J. (1983) Family-Centered Social Work Practice. Free Press, New York, United States HMSO (1989) Children Act 1989. Retrieved on 12 May 2007 from http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts1989/Ukpga_19890041_en_1.htm International Society for the Systems Sciences (2007) Home Page. Retrieved on 13 May 2007 from http://www.isss.org/ Johnson, T.J. (1972) Professions and Power. London: Macmillan. Ludwig von Bertalanffy, (1952) General System Theory: Foundations, Development, Applications. George Braziller, New York, United States Marshall, T.H. (1963) Citizenship and social class. Heinemann, London, United Kingdom Marshall, T.H. (1975) Social Policy in the Twentieth Century. Hutchinson, London, United Kingdom McDermott, F. (2002) Inside Group Work: A Guide to Reflective Practice. Allen Unwin, Crows Nest, New South Wales Principia Cybernetica Web (2007) What is Systems Theory? Retrieved on 12 May 2007 from http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/SYSTHEOR.html Pinderhughes, E. (1997) Developing diversity competence in child welfare and permanency planning. In G. R. Anderson, A. S. Ryan, and B. R. Leashore. The Challenge of Permanency Planning in a Multicultural Society. Haworth, New York, United States Smith, S. (1995) Family theory and multicultural family studies. In Goldsby, B., Smith, S. Families in Multicultural Perspective. Guilford Press, New York, United States Smith, M. (2004) Gertrude Wilson and social group work. Retrieved on 12 May 2007 from http://www.infed.org/thinkers/wilson.htm Trecker, H. (1948) Social Group Work: Principles and Practices. Woman’s Press, New York, United States Wootton, B. (1959) Social Science and Social Pathology. Allen Unwin, London, United Kingdom

We Need Corporal Punishment in the Classroom Essay examples -- Pro Spa

Thesis: Educators should be allowed to use some forms of mild physical discipline in order to ensure that schools remain safe, structured environments where all children can learn effectively. Violent crime in U.S. schools is a real problem despite tough safety measures. As such, it is increasingly important that teachers and administrators are able to take steps to manage student misbehavior and prevent small infractions from escalating into more serious threats. The occasional spanking can be an extremely effective means of reducing disruptions, and many expert psychologists and pediatricians agree that it has not been shown to have any appreciable negative effects on children, nor does it encourage aggressive behavior. Corporal punishment is most effective when policies regarding its use are clearly communicated and strictly followed, when both parents and students are made aware in advance of the consequences of various infractions, and when spanking or paddling is used judiciously and as a last resort when other options have not delivered results. School Violence is All Too Real In an ideal world, schools would be the safest place for children when they are outside their own homes. Schools would function as stimulating, creative havens of education and exploration where all students were equally able to learn in an atmosphere of peaceful study. Although many schools do manage to live up to this vision, the reality is that violent crimes regularly take place on school grounds all across the United States, including over twenty in the 2004-2005 school year alone. Despite ever tougher safety measures, such as the installation of metal detectors, the adoption of zero-tolerance policies, and police officers on campus, our n... ...ailed reviews of the scientific literature on corporal punishment and notes that the body of research on the subject show that the negative effects of spankings are similar to those of other disciplinary tactics. Further, when practiced infrequently, spanking can actually be more effective than other measures of discipline at reducing certain types of behavior. Conclusion Centuries of common sense and many scientific studies indicate that there is nothing intrinsically harmful about corporal punishment if it is used as one out of many possible options for disciplining children when they risk the safety of others. Teachers and school officials should not be criticized for taking steps to maintain the safety and order of the school environment, especially if the occasional spanking helps to prevent more serious and potentially dangerous misconduct down the line.

Australian Values Statement Essay -- Nationalism

On October 15, 2007 the government shifted from a liberal multiculturalist immigration policy to an assimilation policy. This occurs after a change in the political speech. During the early 2000’s the rhetoric became more nationalistic and Australia like many different countries focus on defining its identity. The citizenship eligibility requirements were reinforced and all applicants for provisional and permanent visa have to read and accept the Australian Values statement. These core values of the nation are summarizing by three dot point: â€Å" †¢ Australian society values respect for the freedom and dignity of the individual, freedom of religion, commitment to the rule of law, Parliamentary democracy, equality of men and women and a spirit of egalitarianism that embraces mutual respect, tolerance, fair play and compassion for those in need and pursuit of the public good †¢ Australian society values equality of opportunity for individuals, regardless of their race, religion or ethnic background †¢ the English language, as the national language, is an important unifying element of Australian society.† On a first point we will analyse the text and try to understand it purpose and the means use to attain it. Then we will focus on the three dot point and the â€Å"Australian values† defined by the state. The issue of this focus is to know if the state-defined values are promoted and recognize by the media and the population or not and if they really occur in reality. Finally we will express some of the critics made to this â€Å"Australian Values Statement† form. We shall consider first the reasons and goals that pushed the government to create this statement and analyse its writing. On Australia Day 2006, the Prime Minister John Howar... ...Press. Leet, M. (2006). What Are Australian Values, Really? The Brisbane Institute. Leitner, G. (2004). Australia's Many Voices: Ethnic Englishes, Indigenous and Migrant Languages. Policy and Education. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. McGregor, C. (2001). Class in Australia. Melbourne: Penguin. Phillips, T., & Smith, P. (2000). What is 'Australian'? Knowledge and Among a Gallery of Contemporary Australians. Australian Journal of Political Science, pp. 203-224. Randel-moon, H. (2006). ‘COMMON VALUES’: WHITENESS, CHRISTIANITY, ASYLUM SEEKERS. ACRAWSA e-journal, Vol. 2, Issue 1, , pp. 1-14. Rossister, J. (2007). Identifying and Measuring "Australian Values". Australian Marketing Journal 15.1, pp. 7-13. Thompson, E. (2001). Challenges to Egalitarianism: Diversity or Sameness ? In Unity and diversity: a National Conversation: Barton Lectures (p. 71). Sydney: ABC Books.

The Burden of a Happy Childhood

The Burden of a Happy Childhood In â€Å"The Burden of a Happy Childhood† Cantwell described her grandparent’s house, the three story Victorian house her family lived in during her childhood life. There are so many great things she has experienced, like having a bird as a pet. After a morning dip on the beach, she had a playful moment with her grandfather in his beautiful garden; he washed her feet to remove the sand from her feet. As she grew older, all the images of those special moments still captured in her heart. I agree with Mary Cantwell, I moved from Vietnam when I was twelve years old. I really had great memories of my childhood I took a long walks to my grandmother house, bike rides to school, the farm that we lived on. My father cooked vegetables that he grew in the backyard. As Derby Evening, he shared how he liked to listen to his childhood stories, â€Å"I enjoy hearing about my childhood memories. † (Evening). I have the same habits as Evening. I liked to feel the breeze on my face when my mother fans on me before bed time. During the moon-soon season I liked listening to the rain drops and feel the warm of my mother’s arms around me. During the New Year, my mother didn’t have money to buy new clothes she cut her gowns and remade the clothes for me. I was so happy because I got new clothes to wear for new years. The special moments I have had from my childhood that I’m so close to my parents and my siblings because of my strong family with the meticulous cares from my parents similar to Mary’s article. My parents had sacrificed so much for my family. We will care and love, and protect each other no matter what happens. I agree with Mary Cantwell, she has a special places, people and memories in her childhood life those memories will remain in her heart forever. It’s the most grateful memories that I have had also. It will never wash away from me even the years ahead passing by. I am blessed to have the greatest parents who have done so many great things that make who I am today. Works Cited Cantwell, Mary. Backpack Writing with Readings (The Burden of a Happy Childhood). New York: Longman, 2008. 10 Apr. 2011. Evening, Derby. â€Å"Memories of Childhood and Summer Days at Lake Side. † General Reference Gold. (2011): Text available Full Text. Web. 10 April 2011. Garrity, Mary. â€Å"Home Style: O Christmas Tree. † Scripps Howard News Service- 29 November 2010. NewsBank. Web. 10 April 2011.