The Variation Of Light Intensity With Distance - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2622 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Physics Essay Type Essay any type Level High school Did you like this example? The variation of light intensity with distance; namely the inverse square law of light intensity with distance. Background Theory Light emitted from any kind of source, e.g. the sun, a light bulb, is a form of energy. Everyday problems such as lighting required for various forms of labouring or street illumination, require one to able to determine and evaluate the intensity of light emitted by any light source or even the illumination of a given surface. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Variation Of Light Intensity With Distance" essay for you Create order A special group of studies is formed around these issues and it is called photometry. Luminous flux is a scalar quantity which measures the time rate of light flow from the source. As all measures of energy transferred over a period of time, luminous flux is measured in Joules/Seconds or Watts (SI units). It can therefore safely be said that luminous flux is a measure of light power. Visible light consists of several different colours, each representing a different wavelength of the radiation spectrum. For example red colour has a wavelength 610-700 nm, similarly yellow 550-590 nm and blue 450-500 nm. The human eye demonstrates different levels of sensitivity to the various colours of the spectra. More specifically, the maximum sensitivity is observed in the yellow-green colour (i.e. 555nm). From all the above, it is clear that there is the need to define a unit associating and standardising the visual sensitivity of the various wavelengths to the light power which are measured in Watts; this unit is called the special luminous flux unit of the lumen (lm). One lumen is equivalent to1/680 Watt of light with a wavelength of 555 nm. This special relationship between illumination and visual response renders the lumen the preferred photometric unit of luminous flux for practical applications. On top of that one of the most widely used light sources in everyday life such as the electric light bulb emits light which consists of many different wavelengths. A measure of the luminous strength of any light source is called the light sources intensity. At this point, it should be said that the intensity of a light source depends on the quantity of lumens emitted within a finite angular region which is formed by a solid angle. To give a visual representation of the solid angle, recall that in a bi-dimensional plane the plane angle is used for all kinds of angular measurements. A further useful reminder regards the arc length s; namely for a circle o f radius r the arc length s is calculating by the formula S = r * q -Equation. 1 (qis measured in radians) Now, in a three dimensional plane the solid angle W is similarly used for angular measurements. Corresponding to the q plane angle, each section of surface area A of a sphere of radius r is calculating by using the following formula; A= r2*W -Equation. 2 (Remember that W is measured in steradians) By definition one steradian is the solid angle subtended by an area of the spherical surface equal to the square of the radius of the sphere. Taking into account all the above mentioned, the luminous intensity I of a light source (small enough to be considered as a point source) pointing towards the solid angle is given by: I = F/ W -Equation. 3 Where F is the flux measured in lumens. It is clear that the luminous intensity unit is lumen /steradian. This unit used to be called a candle, as it was defined in the context of light emitted from carbon filamen t lamps. Generally speaking, luminous intensity in any particular direction is called the candle power of the source. The corresponding unit in the SI system is called the candela (cd)which is the luminous intensity emitted by 1/60 cm2 of platinum at a temperature of 2054K (which is the fusion point of platinum). A uniform light source (small enough to be considered as a point source) whose luminous intensity is equal to one candela, is able to produce a luminous flux of one lumen through each solid angle. The equation shown below is the mathematical expression of the above definition: F = W * I -Equation. 4 Where I is equal to one cd and W is equal to one sr. In similar terms the total flux Ftof a uniform light source with an intensity I can be calculated with the aid of the following formula. Ft = W t* I Equation. 5 And taking into account that the total solid angle Wt of a sphere is 4p sr, the above formula becomes Ft = 4p * I -Equation. 6 When a surface is irradiated with visible light it is said to be illuminated. For any given surface, the illuminance E (which is also called illumination) is intuitively understood and defined to be the flux indenting on the surface divided by the total area of the surface. E = F / A Equation. 7 In the case where the several light sources are present and illuminate the same surface, the total illuminance is calculated by adding up all of the individual source illuminations. The SI unit allocated the illuminance is the lux (lx)where one lx is equal to 1 lm / 1 m2. Another way of expressing illumination in the context of light sources intensity and the distance from the light source can be derived by forming a combination of the last few mentioned equations: E = F / A = I * W / A = I / r2 -Equation. 8 Where r is the distance measured from the source or the radius of a sphere whose total area is A (W = A / r2). An important side note at this point is that 1fc equals 1cd/ft2 and also 1lx is equal to1cd/ m2. It is evident that the illumination is inversely proportional to the square of the measured distance from the light source. In the case of constant light source intensity I, it can be said that: E2/E1 = r12/r22= (r1/r2)2 Equation. 9 In the real world, the incident light is very rarely normal to a surface; nearly always light impacts on a surface at an angle of incidence q. In this case the illuminance is calculated by: E = I* cos q/ r2 -Equation. 10 To sum up, there are several ways which can be employed in order to measure illumination. Nearly all of the m are based on the photoelectric effect originally discovered by Albert Einstein (for which he was awarded a Nobel Prize in 1921). In a few words when light strike sa material electron emission is observed and electric current flows if there is a circuit present. This current is proportional to the incident light flux and to the work function of the material; the intensity of the resulted current flow is measured by instruments calibrated in illumination units. Apparatus Components: Light Sensor Light Dependent Resistance (LDR) Light bulb Ruler Power supply Voltmeter Ammeter Connecting wires and Inline conductors Two Vertical Stands Black Paper Experimental Apparatus The experimental apparatus consisted off various parts. The basis of the light reception circuit was a Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) which is the essential part of the apparatus since in enables the measurement of the lights intensity. To give a brief introduction to this type of devices, it should be said that all kinds of materials exhibit some kind of resistance to electric current flow (which by definition is orientated flow of electrons). The particularity of an LDR device lays in the fact that its resistance is not constant; instead, it varies its value according to the lights intensity that impacts on it. Generally speaking, LDR devices can be categorized in two main divisions: negative and positive coefficient. The former decrease the irresistance as the lights intensity grows bigger; on the other hand, the latter increase their resistance as the lights intensity becomes greater. At the microscopic level, such a device consists of semi-conducting material like doped-silicon (the most commonly used material for electronic applications).When light impacts on the device material, this energy is absorbed by the covalent bonded electrons. Subsequently, this excessive energy breaks the bonds between the electrons and creates free electrons inside the material. These electrons are free to move inside the material and hence increase there sistivity of the material since they are no longer bonded. Another essential part of the apparatus is the light source, which in this particular cause was an incandescent lamp (these lamp sare the most commonly used ones found in most everyday applications). The basic component of an incandescent lamp is the wire filament which is usually made of tungsten; this filament is sealed in glass b ulb. Now, the bulb itself is filled with a mixture of low pressure argon and nitrogen in gaseous form. The use of those two gases is to delay the evaporation of the metal filament as well as itoxidation. Ones current begins to flow through the tungsten filament, it gets so hot that it looks white. Under these operating conditions the filament itself ranges in temperature from 2500-3000 degrees Celsius. All incandescent lamps have continuous spectrum which lies primarily in the infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum. The basic drawback of these devices is they poor efficiency, since more than 95% of the lamps energy is lost to the ambient environment in the form of heat. The detailed apparatus used for this investigation is shown schematically in figure.1. According to this figure the light source(incandescent lamp (light bulbs electrical characteristics required here) ) is placed on a fixed stand and is kept at a vertical upright position looking upwards. It is e vident that ones the bulb is switch on the light will be emitted isotropically towards all directions. A power supply(( power supplys electrical characteristics required here) ) was used for powering up the light bulb and providing variable voltage values. In that way, as will be explained later, the intensity of the light emitted by the bulb will not stay constant and neither will the voltage across the LDR. Opposite the light bulb, on another stand the LDR device has kept fixed in place with the aid of cohesive material (blu tack). The LDR device was placed normally to the light bulb so that the angle of incidence of the light coming of the source remains constant and normal throughout the experimental measurements. Another observation that can be made from Figure.1 is the interconnection between the LDR device, the voltmeter, the ammeter and the power supply. More specifically, in order for the LDR to function properly, a voltage was applied across the receiver circui t ( 4 Volts power pack in our case). The voltmeter was connected across the LDR device in order to constantly measure the value of the voltage across the LDR. These variations were due to the alternations to the intensity of the incident light (since the resistance value was changing). The volt meter ideally would have infinite resistance, however in reality its resistance is finite and thus small deviations of the indicated voltage from the real value were expected. Another quantity under monitoring was the current flowing into the LDR device. For this purpose an ammeter was placed in series with the LDR. Its rule was very important since the current flow into the LDR device had to remain constant throughout the experimental measurements. Again, the ideal ammeter would not have any impendence at all. In reality all ammeter demonstrate a finite albeit very small value of resistance: thus deviation of the indicated value from the actual one should be expected. (Missing resistance for potential divider?) A very interesting configuration (and very widely used) for light intensity measurements using the same components as the ones available for this practical can be seen in Figure.1 with a little insight. A closer look to the receiver circuit reveals that a potential divider is formed by the way that the above mentioned components are connected. On a side note, measuring the current coming out of the LDR device would be feasible and relatively easy since the output current would be directly proportional to the value of the LDR resistance. A better way would be to measure the output voltage which happens to be the voltage across the LDR (i.e. the value monitor by the voltmeter). In this case the voltage is proportional to the current flowing through the LDR device. The second resistance required to form the potential divider comes from the finite internal resistance of the ammeter. The value of the output voltage V output can be calculated b y using the standard potential divider formula shown below: Vout = RLDR / (RLDR + RAMMETER)* Vin Equation. 11 Where Vinis the voltage applied across the receiver circuit, RLDR and RAMMETER are the resistance of the LDR device and the internal resistance of the ammeter respectively. Since the aim of those measurements is to investigate the relationship between the light intensity with distance, despite the fact that both the light bulb and LDR are kept fixed vertically the stand of the light bulb was able to be translated horizontally. For the purpose of the experiments the translation of the light bulb was made parallel with a ruler which was placed between the two stands. This configuration was quite optimal since it allowed the exact distance between light source and receiver to be know throughout the experiments. In all optical experiments one of most fundamental error is the background illumination and the interference of other light sources. For this reason the apparatus was surrounded by black paper. Experimental Procedure The LDR sensor and the light bulb have to be at the same vertical height during all experimental measurements. One key point to notice is in that way the light bulb behaves as more like a point source of light, justifying the use of all mathematical equations. The LDR sensor has to point towards the light bulb at all times. Having set up the experimental apparatus and chosen the range of the distance between the light bulb and the LDR sensor, a reference measurement of the LDR sensor was made having the light bulb switched off. Depending on the power of the light bulb a starting distance of 10 cm was deemed to be sufficient for the calibration purposes. Progressively, after performing the calibration this distance as explained below increased. Similarly, the rest of the experimental apparatuss components (i.e. receiver device, voltmeter, ammeter, etc.) were also switched off during this very crucial calibration phase of the practical; generally speaking it is very good and common practice as well as much more preferable to carry out the calibration and experimental procedure in conditions of total darkness. The previous step insured that the background illumination was measured and this value would have to be deducted from all further measurements. Hence the error of the measurements is eliminated and their credibility is increased by a great degree. The light bulb was initially switched on by applying a specific voltage across it; subsequently the exact distance between the light bulb and the LDR was measured using the ruler. The next and most important step at this stage was to measure the value of the potential difference across the LDR device for this specific position of the light bulb. For reasons of reference, the value of the ammeter was also recorded. The position of the light bulb stand was then altered along the ruler in constant and knows intervals of distance. For each known distance the above measurements had to be repeated o ver and over. At this stage it would be useful to emphasize that the acquisition of the above data can be made for more than one time per known distance r, since averaging of data decreases the error percentage in the experimental measurements obtained. In that way, a comprehensive chart or table can be formed associating distance values (between the two stands) to output voltage values.

The Negative Impact of Technology on Interpersonal...

Over the last century, information technology, such as the Internet, has brought our society forward and helps us get through life more efficiently and conveniently. In addition, it helps making global communication easier and faster as compared to hand-written mails that may take days if not weeks to reach its intended recipient. However, with such luxury and convenience, there is a debate whether the way we currently interact with fellow human beings with the help of technology is good or bad to our personal relationships. The Internet has increased the amount of communication globally, yet ironically the very technology that helps us increase our communication hinders our ability to socialize effectively in real life and create a†¦show more content†¦According to Shelly Anstey, in her article â€Å"On-Line Personal Relationships†, Researchers have reported in an online environment, there is more incidence of flaming and people have greater difficulty recognizing an d moving shared point of view. This implies that people on the internet tend to fight more and have much lesser consideration for each other. For example, since there is lack of expression and body cues that can’t be seen on the computer screen, the couples can’t see what’s really happening, and actually assume what they think is in their mind. When they are in argument, they could end up having their relationship into a bitter situation. Matchmaking services on the Internet may bring harm to the inexperience users, because there are many online dating users that create false profiles that deliver false information to mislead other users. Online dating services allow its users to upload pictures of themselves for other members to view. However, these pictures can be very deceiving, because some people use Photoshop programs to edit their pictures making it appear more attractive than they actually are in real life. For example, people would remove facial blemishes, such as acne, whitened teeth, or add hair to bald spots. Furthermore, they can also upload pictures that were taken years ago when they were younger in age and better in appearance. 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Contracts 1 Assignment free essay sample

Selwyn Selikowitz Group No: 3613 Advice has been sought as to whether or not Dr. Amber has an enforceable contract with Furniture Comfort, and whether she is entitled by law to buy the couch at the discounted price. In order to address the issue, one needs to start by examining each of the four essential elements for contract formation: agreement, consideration, certainty and an intention to create legal relations. The newspaper advertisement is not an offer but an invitation to treat. In Boots v Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain, it was decided that ‘a contract is not completed until, the customer having indicated the articles which he needs, the shopkeeper, or someone on his behalf, accepts that offer. ’ The items on the shelf of the ‘self services’ shop were treated as offers to treat. This decision was due to the nature of the shop. It is not only inconvenient but also practically and legally unfeasible to be entered into a contract every time one picks up an item from the shelf. We will write a custom essay sample on Contracts 1 Assignment or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Advertisements are presumed to be invitations to treat due to similar reasoning. The exception to this presumption can be found in Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball, where the advertisement was determined to be an offer as there was an express intention to pay money in the event of certain circumstances occurring. This exception doesn’t apply to the present case. The reasonable person would interpret phrases such as â€Å"25% off all selected floor items†, and â€Å"We beat all competitors† in Furniture Comfort’s advertisements as not indicating a offer to enter into a contract with all readers, but merely inviting them to make an offer. Thus the newspaper advertisement is an invitation to treat. . OFFER Dr Amber saw this ‘invitation to treat’ and responded by visiting Furniture Comfort. Being unhappy with the fabric on the model, she wished to buy a couch with a suitable fabric of her choosing. She made an offer to buy the couch as long as the fabric was one she chose and the couch was sold to her immediately upon her return. This conditional offer is made evident through her words â€Å"I assume the sale will still be on†, and â€Å"I’ll need it immediately after that. † Now under the main offer she gave an option, a condition to the purchase. An option contract is defined as ‘an agreement for consideration under which a party acquires a right exercisable before a specified time to buy or sell property at a given price from another party. ’[2] In Goldsbrough Mort Co v Quinn, the grantor gave the option holder an option to purchase certain land at a specified price at any time within one week of the agreement in return for the sum of five shillings paid to the grantor. In the present case, the option was Dr Amber’s offer to buy the couch as long as the couch was reserved for her. 3. ACCEPTANCE In response to Dr. Amber’s offers, Maggie replied â€Å"We can do that if you prefer. Let’s go to my office. † Whether or not Maggie’s reply and consequent actions can be construed as an acceptance of the offers depends on whether it satisfies certain rules in contract law regarding acceptance. (a) The acceptance must be communicated In Felthouse v Bindley, it was determined that silence cannot be taken to indicate acceptance. [3] Although the acceptance may have been inferred by conduct of the nephew, his intention was not communicated to the uncle, and thus it was found that no acceptance had been made and no contract was formed. In this case Maggie explicitly responded to Dr. Amber’s offer with the words â€Å"We can do that if you prefer. † Thus the acceptance was communicated (b) The acceptance must be absolute and unqualified The acceptance must be complete, without changing any of the terms. Otherwise, instead of an acceptance it would be a counteroffer. In Butler Machine Tool Co Ltd v Ex-Cell-O Corp this distinction was made clear, in the ‘battle of forms’ involved. ‘Acceptance’ based on changing of conditions of an offer of one party was deemed to be a counteroffer, not an acceptance. Maggie in this case has absolutely agreed to the conditions of Dr. Amber’s offer, reflected through her actions in allowing Amber to sign the special order information and also to leave with the fabric. (c) Acceptance must be in reliance of the offer In Crown v Clarke, Clarke was found to have not acted in the faith of or in reliance of the offer, but rather for his own intentions. Thus he was found to have no claim to a reward he had received under contract. In the present case, Maggie knew the specific details of the offer such as â€Å"reserve the couch now†, â€Å"take the samples† and â€Å"order the couch when I get back† Thus her acceptance was made in reliance of the offer and the option. d) Must be in compliance with the offeror’s offer Maggie complied with Dr. Amber’s offer by allowing her to leave with the samples, and placing a special order in the ‘fabric checkout binder. ’ There was therefore a legally recognisable acceptance on Maggie’s part. Maggie accepted Dr. Amberâ€⠄¢s option of keeping the couch reserved, as well as her offer of purchasing the couch

Running Head Leadership

Question: Using relevant theories and models critically evaluate and analyse the leadership of 21st century business leader. If you were in the position of the leader what you could do to be better leader and make a stronger impact on the followers and on the situation/s. Answer: The role of leaders and the influence on the organization cannot be undermined by any stretch of imagination. The better the leadership and management is the more are the opportunities for an organization to grow forward (Locke Latham 1990). Traits of the leader are the determinant for the better organization. The energy of the leader should be focused on determining the dissatisfaction levels of the employees. For the organizational change it is required that the dissatisfaction levels are channelized towards synergy of the organization. The vision of the leader and the charisma results in increasing the capacities (Kark Shamir 2013). However it has been noted that not all leaders possess same traits and they can be different or poles apart from one another. The traits that are generally associated with leaders can be charisma, confidence, trust, intelligence. For the particular study the Leadership of Bill Gates will be discussed and his role in creating company as big as Microsoft. Bill Gates has been a person that created the company from the scratch and became the Wealthiest and Richest Man of the planet. The dedication and the determination along with the leadership skills of Bill Gates will be the part of this study. The decisions taken by him as a leader and the thinking behind those decisions will form part of the analysis. The role of Gates as a Leader will be discussed in light of theories and models used in leadership. The study will then focus on the role of the student and what he could do differently if put in similar sort of situations will be the next portion of the task. Bill Gates Evaluation William Henry Bill Gates, commonly known as Bill Gates was born in the year 1955. From the very early stage the interest of Bill Gates was towards programming. Bill Gates studied in Harvard University but was not able to complete the graduation as he was in process of building the company Microsoft in 1975. The interest of Bill Gates for computer and his dedication became part of his leadership style. The hard working Bill Gates developed programmes of Basic at the initial stages of the computer evaluation. The company Microsoft had the underlying vision that remained focused on the future of the computers. Bill Gates was hard working as stated earlier and his innovative skills also led to the development of MS DOS. The copyright of MS DOS was taken by IBM that had approached Bill Gates for its development. In 1983, the company Microsoft and the status of Bill Gates as a entrepreneur increased considerably. This was the year when Windows were launched as the operating system. This is till date the best operating system available in the markets. The leadership of Bill Gates can be analyzed from the fact that his leadership gave Windows, DOS, and Internet Explorer web browser to the world. Leadership Traits of Bill Gates Bill Gates has been a man whose traits have been the mode of discussion by many researchers (Jager Ortiz, 1997). Bill Gates can be termed as a courageous leader due to the risks he took in co-founding Microsoft by dropping the studies in Harvard. Researchers have mentioned that his focus on the work has been phenomenal (Jager Ortiz, 1997). Other has mentioned that Bill Gates has been intelligent (Dorfman and Gupta, 2004). From the early stages in his life, Bill Gates has been intelligent. He used to write programmes concerning computers and even languages. The characteristics of Bill Gates as a leader will be studied on the basis of the theories. For a Leader to be influential the critical aspect is that can he imbibe the feeling of job satisfaction among the employees (Locke, 2005). The level of motivation is higher in the satisfied workers. These workers adopt the company policies and are likely to perform then the ones that are dissatisfied from the work. As discussed earlier the traits of the leader is determinant of the way the employees will work and the team will perform. Hertzberg Theory The theory of Hertzberg developed in the year 1959 is relevant in discussing about Bill Gates is because this theory is related to the job satisfaction. This opens the scope to discuss the role of Bill Gates as a Leader in ensuring job satisfaction. As per the theory there are various factors in the job that affect the performance of the person and his satisfaction in a different manner. While some factors result in satisfaction some other results in lowering the existing satisfaction among the employee. According to Herzberg (1964) the two factors are Hygiene factors and Motivational Factors. Hertzberg Theory, Hertzberg (1964) The theory mentions that the environment in which the employee work, affect the way they respond to the work. These are determined by the Hygiene factors. If the employees are given better environment to work and they are prevented from bad working conditions, it encourages them to perform. When the Hygiene factors are considered by the organization it results in the motivational factors. The employees become responsible, they believe in the achieving goals. Working environment and conditions also affected Bill Gates as he was motivated towards the work when the environment was better and working conditions were good (Jonathan-Eer, 2013). One way of motivating employees that Bill Gates used is to provide better working conditions for the employees. Although these are pacifying factors as per the theory it was utilized well by Bill Gates as a CEO. Highly satisfied individuals perform well in a team and have a lasting impact on the new employees. Apart from this bill Gates believes in ethical practices and policies including job security. Transformational Leadership Burns (1978) propounded the theory of Transformational Leadership. According to the theory the leaders job is to motivate the employee towards hard work. The motivation of the leaders helps the followers to attain the preset objectives. Bill Gates success cannot be attached to mere luck. Bill Gates used to remain involved with the computer programmes and statistics and was focused. This resulted in him becoming the youngest CEO Billionaire. Bill Gates qualities as a leader can be judged by his foresight towards the capabilities of the computer markets in future. Transformational leadership styles of Bill Gates can be judged by the fact that he remained concerned with the dynamic nature of the business he was a part off. New technological innovations and adapting environment was therefore part of his leadership styles. Leaders should be able to predict the environment both internal and external. Being inspirational is also an added advantage for Bill Gates. The goals setting by Bill G ates was done as he had the vision and knowledge to change the future. This inspired the team mates to work for Microsoft and be a part of the learning and contemporary process. Leader was already inspirational therefore the dedication of the team was improved due to this. The Transformational Leadership is judged by the fact that Bill Gates provided ideal working environment for the employees. The offices of Microsoft were designed for encouraging college campus like atmosphere. The idea behind the same was to create an environment which encourages innovative ideas (Beer Finnstrom, 2009). Gates has been sometimes called for as a harsh CEO, but that has been alongside the steps he has taken to generate a better work culture (Davenport, 2008). Better work culture improves the workplace motivation and the employees output improves from that. As Bass (1990) mentioned, Transformational leader possess qualities of Charisma, Inspiration, Soft corner towards the employees, and has Stimulating effect (Conger Kanungo, 1998). , (1990) It is critical to note that the behaviour of Bill Gates has at times been harsh as Davenport (2008) states, but that he says is required for the purpose of increasing the work place output and meeting the goals. The creation of MS DOS for IBM, when Bill Gates did not have the resources is a part of the goal oriented nature of him. Researches from Law et al. (2004) mention the significance of being emotionally intelligent. Bill Gates has also been termed as emotionally intelligent, that means that he cares for his employees and understands the requirements. Studies from Martins (2003) mention that the participative style of leadership brings organizational changes and this is resulting in the innovation in the working style. Bill Gates style is termed as participative as he involved people in the working decisions. Manager should be a part of the decision making and should pass on the relevant knowledge to his subordinates so that the work culture is improved. SARA Model Being in the dynamic industry of softwares and computers, the role of Bill Gates as a leader cannot be undermined. His role is inclined towards the SARA Model developed by Kubler Ross (1981). There are four stages for the resistance towards the change, as SARA signifies Shock, Anger, Rejection, and Acceptance. Firstly, the employees might see changes things as Shock, they can be Angry with the management for the changes in the regular working styles, the next stage is that of rejection, where the employees feel that the change initiative will bring things to normal or make them worse. The last stage of the SARA model is Acceptance. Bill Gates has been powerful leader as he stuck to the goals and allowed the employees to participate in the decisions. This means that the Shock and Anger had a very limited role to play in case of Microsoft. Meanwhile, acceptance stage also took less time than normal because that came with effective participation. Leading Differently Then Bill Gates Bill Gates has been termed as a person that has been authoritative at times in order to achieve the goals. Team management can be done differently than that. Had I been a Leading the organizational Microsoft, I would be more accommodative and increase the satisfaction levels of the employees. Satisfaction and increased motivation will result in the employees attrition to stay lower. This is required at the time of competition with newer technologies like Android. Authoritative style of functioning will result in the resentment. I would have used the technique of Group development. Although, leadership style of Bill Gates has been highly inspirational and successful (Singh, 2013). The policies should be dynamic in nature and should be in line with the vision of the leader. Conclusion The analysis on the leader of 21st century was done. The study took into account the life of Bill Gates as a leader. The study mentioned that Bill Gates remained hard working and stick to his goals that created the company like Microsoft. As a leader, the style of Bill Gates was authoritative sometimes and also participative. This means that the team value was given attention. The role of the managers in the decision making was considered and they were made to participate in the decision making. For the discussion of the Leadership style, theories and models were considered. First was the Hertzberg theory, as per the theory there are various factors in the job that affect the performance of the person and his satisfaction in a different manner. During his tenure as a CEO, Bill Gates has adopted pacifying factors to motivate the employees. The employees were provided working environment that was inspired from a college campus. This helped the employees to work in the best possible man ner and achieve the objectives set by the company. The discussion was then made on the Transformational Leadership style of working of Bill Gates. This can be judged by the fact that he remained concerned with the dynamic nature of the business he was a part off. New technological innovations and adapting environment was therefore part of his leadership styles. Overall the leadership of Bill Gates has been flawless. The adoption of the management styles can be molded by the young leaders a bit. Rather than adopting an authoritative style of functioning as a leader, it should be accommodative. This will bring new ideas on board and even the reluctance of a single person handling the innovation and brining new techniques will not be there. This means that the organization can grow at a much faster pace compared to normal. Employees motivation levels in such cases can be higher. References Bass, BM 1990, Bass and Stogdills Handbook of Leadership: Theory, Research, and Managerial Applications, New York: Free Press. Vol (3). Beer, M Finnstrom, M 2009, Developing an Engine for transforming your company, LIA, Vol 29 (5). Boyatzis, RE 2008, Competencies in the 21st century, Journal of Management Development, vol. 25(7), pp. 512 Burns, JM 1978, Leadership, Harper Row, New York. Conger, JA Kanungo, RN 1998, Charismatic Leadership in Organisations, Sage, Thousand Oaks, California. Daus, CS, Ashkanasy, NM 2005, The case for the ability-based model of emotional intelligence in organizational behavior. Journal of Organizational Behavior, vol. 26(4), pp. 453-466. Davenport, H 2008, How to be the Next Bill Gates. Hertzberg, F 1964, The Motivation-Hygiene Concept and Problems of Manpower, Personnel Administrator, vol. 27, pp. 3-7. Jonathan-Eer, 2013, Leadership Online: Retrieved. Kark, R Shamir, B 2013, Addendum: empirical evidence supporting the dual level effects of transformational leadership, in Avolio, BJ Yammarino, FJ (eds.), Transformational and charismatic leadership, Emerald, Bungley, UK, pp. 103-110. Law, KS, Wong, C Song, LJ 2004, The construct and criterion validity of emotional intelligence and its potential utility for management studies. Journal of Applied Psychology, vol. 89(5), pp. 483-496. Locke, EA Latham, GP 1990, Work Motivation and Satisfaction: Light at the End of the Tunnel, Psychological Science, vol. 1, pp. 240-246. Locke, EA 2005, Why emotional intelligence is an invalid concept. Journal of Organizational Behavior, Vol. 26(4), pp. 425-431. Martins, EC 2003, Building organizational culture that stimulates creativity and innovation. Eur J Innov Manag, vol. 6(1): pp.6474.

Princess Di Essays - Charles, Prince Of Wales,

Princess Di THERE ARE MANY IMPORTANT PEOPLE IN OUR SOCIETY TODAY. FOR EXAMPLE, THERE ARE MOVIE STARS, ATHLEATS, PEOPLE WHO INSPIRE OTHERS, AND PEOPLE WHO HELP OTHERS. ONE PERSON WHO I BELIEVE EXCELLED IN OUR WORLD WAS PRINCESS DIANA. PRINCESS DIANA WAS A LOVING, CARING, AND HELPING WOMEN WHOM A LOT OF PEOPLE ADMIRE. THIS WOMAN CAN BE SEEN AS MANY THINGS SUCH AS A PRINCESS, MOTHER, AND AS DOING ALL SHE CAN DO TO HELP THE NEEDY. DIANA WAS KNOWN FOR HER HELPING, CARING, AND LOVING HEART. DIANA WAS TO MARRY THE PRINCE OF WHALES, ALSO KNOWN AS PRINCE CHARLES. THE DAY THEY MARRIED, PRINCESS DIANA BECAME THE PRINCESS OF WHALES. SHE WENT FROM BEING A SHY YOUNG GIRL TO A RADIANT AND DYNAMIC WOMAN WHO IS DEFINITELY SEEN AROUND THE WORLD. SHE DEDICATED MOST OF HER TIME TO THE PUBLIC HELPING OUT AND MAKING CHANGES. PRINCESS DIANA AND HER HUSBAND PRINCE CHARLES MARRIED IN 1981. ONE YEAR LATER DIANA GAVE BIRTH TO A BOY. THE NAMED HIM PRINCE ARTHUR PHILLIP LOUIS. ABOUT THREE YEARS LATER, THEY HAD ANOTHER BOY. THEY NAMED HIM PRINCE HERRY CHARLES ALBERT DAVID. DIANA LOVED THEM BOTH WITH ALL OF HER HEART. HERRY WAS BORN ON SEPTEMBER 15TH 1984. BOTH SONS WERE BORN IN ST. MARRYS HOSPITAL. English Essays

Case Study on Unemployment in Pakistan Essays

Case Study on Unemployment in Pakistan Essays Case Study on Unemployment in Pakistan Paper Case Study on Unemployment in Pakistan Paper Pakistan Unemployment Rate ABSTRACT The cause of unemployment in society was very important topic. We have to conductive proper survey and collect the data through questionnaire and after completion of the data 24. 67% unemployment is due to extreme growth in population and 28. 67% non coordination between education and job opportunities. Less investment in technical field is also a reason of unemployment. According to a survey research, we come on this point unemployment is also depend on economic condition of our country. Now a days professional and technical education necessary for our society INTRODUCTION: The term in unemployment means, â€Å"A person is unemployed if he or she did not worked during the preceding week but made some effort to find working the past four weeks† Unemployment is one of the major problems of Pakistan. The level of unemployment is moving up. The socio economic system of the country and institutions has failed to provide employment to the increasing labor force. The rate of expansion in industrial sector is very slow. The increasing labor force has not been absorbed. Increasing output of general education institutions is the major cause of educated young men’s unemployment. Technical, professional and vocational institutions are limited in number. Nationalization of industrial units very badly affected the investment industrial sector. The private investor shifted their capital to other countries. Employment in the private sector absolutely stopped for many years. The higher growth rate of population is the major causes of unemployment. The population has exceeded the optimum level. The Resources of the country are limited. Employment cannot be provided to the increasing labor force. The cottage industries in rural areas had been faded out by the machine made goods. The artisans have been rendered unemployed. Educated young men like white collar jobs. They do not like to perform manual labor. The higher age of retirement in government services has blocked the employment of educated young men. Reemployment of civil and military high ranking offices in government corporations and agencies deprives the qualified men from employment. The unemployment rate is a sensitive indicator of conditions in labour market unemployment is often associated with improving wages and working conditions as well as employers compete to attract retain workers.. When the unemployment rate is low, jobs are secure and relatively easier to find. Low EMPLOYED â€Å"A person is employed if he or she worked full time or part time (even for a few hours) during the past week or is on vacation or sick leave from a regular job. OUT OF LABOR FORCE: A person is to be out of the labor force if he or she did not work in the past 4 week. In other person neither employed nor un employed are out of the labor force. LABOR FORCE: Labor force consists of employed and unemployed person. A person is employ if he is able to work and looking for work. The term â€Å" able to work and looking for work† means who is able to work and is making effort to get work on pay and profit or trying to establish a business or enter into a profession or a waiting results of any of the following efforts ? Writing applications for job to different institute suited to him. ?Working with out pay in order to get experience and training. ?Applying for job on different advertisement persons looking for work may be of two types, 1. Previous experience 2. New job seekers CAUSES OF UNEMPLOYMENT IN PAKISTAN There are a number of causes of unemployment in Pakistan. The most important of these causes is a non stop increasing population. Deteriorating law and order situation has slowed down the tempo of economic activity. Karachi is the biggest industrial base of our country. But investors are reluctant to invest there because of continuous unrest and violence. Our educational system is also responsible for the high unemployment rate among the educated youth. The attitude of our youth towards the choice of a career is also unrealistic and unproductive. They want to get only some white-collar job. Rapid mechanization and Computer technologies are also causing unemployment. Unnecessary and frequent strikes in factories have compelled the owners to go for automation and such technology as requires less manpower. Lack of infrastructure facilities, especially in the field of energy, telecommunication and transportation also prevent the industrialist from setting up new industries. Large scale smuggling which has flooded the market with cheaper goods poses a serious threat to the development of local industry. Tight bureaucratic control on the economy, inadequate credit facilities and complex tax system are also some important factors that are creating hurdles in the way of private sector investment in industrial The causes of unemployment in Pakistan are: 1 Lack of enough industries to employ ever increasing number of graduate in the country. 2 The government is not involving in capital expenditure which creates job Main problem of unemployment in Pakistan is that whenever a new technology comes as Software or hardware then all the people starts studying about that. Then at the end, you will see ten thousand students of a particular field against 5 or 10 job vacancies. Other reason is that in Pakistan, things are not handled in appropriate manner. Vacancies are less, but job seekers are more than that. Opportunities are not enough, and system of reference is so much indulged in our society that if a company need some employees then workers of that company will provide some resume to them of their relatives and friends so in this way many people don’t get the opportunity to apply for those jobs. I know system of reference is every where in the world, but not to that extend as in our society. But as these days software companies are growing and some new companies are starting their business very rapidly so I hope ratio of unemployment will become low soon. REVIEW OF LITERATURE: Pakistan at the moment houses the largest number of youth in its history. According to census 1998, youth under the age of 29 constitute 70% of the total population. As much as 64. 87% young population recites in rural areas and 35. 13% in urban area. The censes of 1998 counted 56 million children under the age of 15. there were another 13 million adolescents between the age of 15 and 19, and 11 million youth age between 20-24 years. it is a great tragedy that the vast amount of youth energies has never been put to proper use. It is clear in Pakistan: Youth unemployment is high and rising Youth are more unemployed then adults Youth women face poorer employment prospectus The majority of new jobs are low paid and of poor quality The cost of youth unemployment are high It is also clear: The cost of youth in unemployment are high There is an urgent need for action. POVERTY RATE IN PAKISTAN: Pakistan poverty rate continuous to rise. Unemployment in Pakistan has been aggravated due to constraints on public expenditures in recent years. Rising unemployment not only creates economic problems, but also has social consequences for society as a whole. A major contributing factor to growing impoverishment is Pakistan’s population growth rate of 2. 6% per annum that will lead, according to one estimate to a doubling population by 2020. PAKISTAN’S IMAGE IN RECENT YEARS: In recent years Pakistan image in international community has been damaged to the rise of violent extremist and fundamentalist elements in the society. The elements have been involved in kidnapping and killing foreign national in the country, resulting in the deteriorating image of Pakistan worldwide. This has aggravated the decline of foreign investment in Pakistan. IMPROVEMENT IN PAKISTAN’S RELATION: In recent years there has been improvement in Pakistan relations with international financial institutions due to sound economic policy pursue by the military regime. Pakistan successfully completed a stand by agreement with the IMF in 2001(i. e, the first ever, fully completed agreement between the IMF and Pakistan since 1988), with the poverty reduction and growth facility project in process and scheduled for completion at the end of 2004. The IMF and The World Bank have shown satisfaction with Pakistan’s economics performance in recent years. VIEWS OF QUIAD-E-AZAM: Quaid-e-Azam’s dream of exploiting the immense natural resources of the country for the best possible benefit of the people did not come true By Syed M. Aslam Jul 05 11, 1999 The founder of Pakistan, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, had dreamt of exploiting the immense natural resources of the country for the best possible benefit of the people. Accordingly, he eulogized the people to work, work and work to make Pakistan a prosperous state where Muslims of the sub-continent would have better religious, economic and financial freedom unlike the limitations imposed on them by the Hindus in the undivided India. After over fifty years, today, the dream of Quaid-e-Azam still remains to be materialized as the successive governments failed to exploit the natural and human resources wisely. Arguably, the economy is in such a worsening state which the country never experienced before. It is obvious from the fact that the biggest portion of the budget today goes towards the payments of foreign debts. Little is left for education, health and development. This has taken a serious toll on the employment opportunities in the country where finding a job at all levels is becoming harder by each passing day due to frequent lay-offs in the public sector in particular and private sector in general. FEW CHANCES OF EMPLOYMENT: There are many seekers but few jobs. In a society where ‘who you know’ has replaced ‘what you know’ as the major criteria for jobs, chances of employment are bleak due to massive downsizing in the public sector. Tens of thousands of graduates leaving the universities every year are finding it harder to find a suitable employment. Not only it is hard to find a job but the high level of unemployment has also hurt those already employed in a distinct way. With the abundance of workers the employers have leverage to hire and fire at will, play loose with the benefits and offer lower salaries and those who are not satisfied with the working conditions are always welcome to leave. Of course, there are thousands who are willing to fill the space at whatever the salary may be. IMPACT OF UNEMPLOYMENT ON SOCIETY: Unemployment undermines the economic and social stability of any society. Societies which fail to provide gainful and secure employment to their people invite political instability, social unrest and economic insecurity. The link between unemployment and crime has also been well established. Employment is also directly related to all industrial and trade activities. These activities slow down when there is a high level of unemployment but increases when it is low. In an inter-dependent world the unemployment issue has taken a global perspective. This is evident from the following example: The average annual rate of growth in global exports was 6. 6 per cent during 1965-80. It declined to 4. 1 per cent between 1980-91. While the developed world enjoyed the biggest share of the global exports, the slow-down not only affected it but also the developing countries, as declining industrial activities in the former decreased the prices of primary commodities in the latter. In addition, many of the developed countries became more protectionist raising new protective barriers against imports, particularly the competitive products, from the developing countries to further worsen an already bad situation. The situation has worsened with the eroding of trade borders and supersonic speed of communications and transfer of money today. INCREASE IN CRIME: The socio-economic fall out of the high unemployment rate in Pakistan is evident from the drastic increase in the crime wave. Today robberies, dacoities and kidnapping for ransom have become a fearsome fixture of life in the country. The resultant lack of civil peace and the rule of the law undermine the very basis of all industrial, economic and trade activities in the country. The case for sustainable development for employment can hardly be argued more forcefully. According to â€Å"UN† report: Economic policy plays a vital role to help keep the unemployment rate under check. According to a UN report, the East Asian economies in the 1980s avoided stagnation and unemployment did so because they got their domestic policies right by prudent borrowing, creative use of foreign exchange rates, promotion of exports, and protection of food growers and restraint of nominal wages. All these measures have combined to keep the growth of employment in step with overall economic growth. Can we learn a thing or two from this? The theme of The First United Nations Decade for the Eradication of Poverty (1997-2006) was Eradicating poverty is an ethical, social, political and economic imperative of humankind. UN Secretary General Kofi Annan delivering his message on the International Day for the Eradication of Poverty observed on October 17, 1997 that some individuals today are enjoying wealth on a scale previously unimagined. Yet victims of poverty still endure intolerable forms of deprivation. They continue to be marginalized and excluded. He also said that though overall, the relative incidence of poverty declined, yet the number of world’s poor has risen considerably as almost one quarter of world’s population still lives in a state of poverty. For instance, he added, the number of people with incomes less than $ 1 a day increased by almost 100 million between 1987 and 1993 and 1. 3 million people, one-third of world population, live with an earning of less than $ 1 a day. UNEVEN DISTRIBUTION OF INCOME: The over emphasis on the maximization of the GDP has also led to uneven distribution of income in Pakistan. The data on income distribution, based on Household Income and Expenditure Surveys conducted by the Federal Bureau of Statistics during 1963 to 1994, shows at least four distinct phases of inequality at the ratios of the highest 20 per cent and the lowest 20 per cent income groups. The first phase between 1963-71 shows that inequality in income distribution narrowed the ratio of highest to lowest 20 per cent income group decreased from 7. 1 per cent in 1963-64 to 4. 9 per cent in 1970-71. The second phase, from 1971-79 widened the income inequality from 5. 4 per cent to 6. 1 per cent. Once again, the ratio declined in the third phase, 1984-87 from 6. 2 per cent to 5. 5 per cent. In the fourth phase, 1987-93, the inequality in income distribution worsened as the ratio sharply rose by 2. 3 per cent to 7. 8 per cent. The inequality between the household income shares of the lowest 20 per cent and highest twenty per cent is obvious from the data collected by the Federal Bureau of Statistics from 1979 to 1993. In 1979, the lowest 20 per cent enjoyed a share of 8. per cent of the total income while that of the highest 20 per cent was 41. 3 per cent. By 1992-93 the share of the highest 20 per cent increased by 7. 6 per cent to 48. 9 per cent while that of the lowest 20 per cent decreased by 2. 2 per cent to 6. 1 per cent. The middle 60 per cent share also declined from 47. 6 per cent to 45. 6 per cent during the same period. But the statistics also tend to give the false impression about the share of family income due to very basic flaw in the criteria for measurement of the labor force which includes all those over ten years seeking work during the year. The sharp decline in the household income shares of the lowest and the middle income groups can be attributed to unemployment and under-employment. OBJECTIVE OF STUDY: According to the topic of our survey research, â€Å"causes of unemployment in society† the basic purpose of the survey that what are the basic causes of unemployment among the people of the society. To attain our objective we define the main reason of unemployment in society as follows, Extreme growth of population Quota system Lack of resources’ Red ribbons Education system Non-coordination between education and job opportunity Non investment of land lord in technical field METHODOLOGY: In designing the questionnaire, we have considered the following points. All the questions are formed in such a manner that they are relevant to the objectives and purpose of study. All the questions are so easy that the investigator and respondent can understand them. The questionnaire is designed in English language. Our questionnaire consists of 16 questions. PROCEDURE ADOPTED: The following was the method of the study: TARGET POPULATION: Target population means the population about which we wish to draw inferences. Target population related to our survey research consists of all the individuals living in Islamabad and Rawalpindi and persons who are capable of any professional job and unemployed including all the status classes. SAMPLE POPULATION A sample population is that from which a sample is chosen. Sampled population related to our survey research consists of all people, who are capable of any professional/technical education and unemployed of the following randomly selected areas. Dheri Hassanabad and DHA II SAMPLE SIZE: Sample of size 75 selected and then equally disturbed for two areas. SAMPLING METHOD: Simple random sampling technique is used in selection of the sample. METHOD OF INQUIRY: By keeping in view the accuracy of the survey result â€Å"personal interview technique† is adopted which is widely used in social survey. The method of personal interview consists of personally contacting the responded and collecting data by questionnaire. Although this method is costly but it reduced the possibility on non response arising from non corporation, in difference, etc. By using this method we clearly explain to the respondents the objectives of the survey and the exact mature of data requirements, and persuaded them to give the required information. METHOD OF ANALYSIS To analyze the data we used proportion method Data collection Data were collected by administering the questionnaire personally on the selected sample. Data analysis The data collected through questionnaire were tabulated and analyzed on percentage basis. FINDINGS: Following are the findings of the study, Conducted survey shows that 37% of post graduate are unemployed in Pakistan. 53. 33% people are those who applied 1-3 times and then they get job Result shows that 68% people are those who done 1-2 times jobs. When asked that do their jobs match with their qualification 63% replied in negative. 69% people told that they are satisfied with their pay. 41. 34% respondents are those who applied for job more then 6 times. So we may conclude that people are ambitious. 46. 7 % people quit jobs due to personal reasons in which the main reason is that the pay was nit enough for them. 49% respondents were supportive members of their family while 51% respondents were non supportive. When asked 69. 33% responded said that gov job is better then private job. 37% peoples selected gov jobs due to pensions. 53. 30% people says that there are more chances for progress in private jobs. According to survey 42. 67% responded said that main reason of unemployment is extreme growth in population. Candidates told that 36% are selected on behalf of test and Experience. According to the survey research 54. 65% people prefer professional education and 40% people prefer technical education. Now a day’s professional and technical education has more importance. 64% Responses shows that women’s job plays an important role in increasing unemployment. 50. 67% result shows that attitude of getting high level job doesn’t plays a any role in spreading unemployment Opinion of most of the people about this question is that every one wants to earn instead of wasting time. CONCLUSION: One of the primary aims of any government should be the elimination of unemployment. Although achieving zero level unemployment is not only ‘highly impossible’ but also undesirable at various levels to check the inflationary trend. It is imperative that all governmental policies need to be directed towards achieving this goal. Identifying the problem is the first step towards successfully solving it. However, a look at officially compiled statistics shows that unemployment level in Pakistan is much higher than that portrayed by the government. This is primarily due to the criteria used for the measurements of labor force, employment and unemployment. Population census and periodic Labor Force Surveys are the major sources of data on labor supply, employment and unemployment in Pakistan. In addition, agricultural census also provides information on employment in the agriculture sector, the biggest employer of labor force, over 44 per cent or 15. 98 million people in 1999. Many changes have been made to define the meaning of labor force and employment in Pakistan- The Population Census of 1951 defined the labor force as all persons of 12 years and above was self-supporting, partially self-supporting or seeking work. In 1961, its definition was changed to include all those of ten years and above who were working for profit or wages or helping their family members. Not only the change lowered the age but it also included the unpaid family members in the employed. Today, Labor Surveys define employment as all persons of ten years of age and above who worked at least one hour during the reference period [the year] and were either ‘paid employees’ or ‘self employed. Based on this definition, the total number of employed labor force in 1999 is estimated at 36. 2 million. The basis for the measurement of Labor Force and Employment; all persons of ten years of age and above in the first case and a minimum work of just one hour during the year in the second, tempts to under-estimate the level of unemployment in the country. For instance, based on a population of 134. 5 million today and a participation rate of 28. 7 per cent, the total labor force in Pakistan comes to 38. 6 million of which 36. 2 million were employed. This also shows that only 2. 4 million persons were unemployed in the country which reflected an affordable unemployment rate of 6. per cent. In fact, unemployment is a much more serious problem than the official statistics show. This also poses another relevant and worrying question. If the unemployment rate of 6. 1 per cent is correct, the employment rate is an ideal 93. 9 per cent. Those who know Pakistan, and there are many, find this highly unpalatable. Unemployment in Pakistan today is prevalent at all levels. It does not spare the highly qualified professionals any more be they doctors, engineers and MBAs. It hurts the illiterates, non-skilled, skilled, and educated and professionals alike. However, it hurts the first two disadvantaged classes more than the others. While the weekend editions of major national dailies appear to be full of ‘help-wanted’ advertisements they only tend to give a wrong picture of the unemployment situation. Firstly, the majority of jobs advertised are aimed at the highly qualified professionals whose share in the total employment is just 3. 6 per cent. There are little or no vacancies advertised for the two biggest occupational groups- skilled agricultural and fishery workers whose share is 36. per cent and the elementary or unskilled workers whose share is 22. 9 per cent. In a country like Pakistan, where less than 1. 4 per cent of the children, enrolled in primary school, manage to reach universities and professional colleges, the increased demand for professionals in the job market could hardly make any difference for the majority which drops out at all levels of the academic progress. SUGGESTIONS: Following recommendations and suggestions in order to reduce the unemployment in society, Birth rate of country must be kept with in the reasonable limits. Education must be constructive and beneficial, so that the government should open different institutes for technical and professional educational. Selection of candidate must be fair. Working environment must be pleasant for encouraging females. Jobs level and salary must be according to the qualification. Bonus must be given on good performance in order to encourage the workers. Government should provide job opportunities to skill –persons al small level. Govt. should make efforts to push economic growth process. For this purpose Economic Revival Package should announce for the revival of industries sector, to stimulate production and investment. Govt. should announce a package for the development of agriculture sector. Beside this a number of fiscal and monetary measures should take to attract industrialists and particularly foreign investment. More Technical and Vocational training facilities should be provided. In this way unemployed people will get the chance to enhance their skills and become able to earn reasonable income. With a view to reduce educate unemployment; self-employment scheme should be encouraged in true manners.   REFRENCES: Bernanke, Ben (1998). â€Å"Basic principals of Macro Economics† Macgraw Hill, New York. D. S. Hansel, Principal of Macro Economics-1, Macgraw Hill, New York. E. W. Peaterson, (1980) . â€Å"Education and Development strategy in south and East Asia† Honolulu: 780pp. Frank, Robert. (2001), â€Å"Workers, wages and Unemployment in the Modern Economy† in Principals of Micro Economics. John Wiley and Sons, New York, 57-58. Pakistan/ Netherlands project on human resource (situation report and statistical year report 2003). by ministry of manpower and over seas Pakistan government of Pakistan. 6. Pakistan/ Netherlands project on human resource (crisis management in employment planning) prepared by Dr. B . Herman and Karim Tejani. QUESTIONNAIRE Name of respondent†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Male†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Female†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Qualifications†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ For how long you are unemployed†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ How many time you applied for jobs†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. No of jobs you have done†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Do theses jobs match with your qualifications Yes†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. No†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Was that pay scale enough foe you and your family†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Yes †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ No†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ How many times you applied for a job†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Why did you quit those jobs†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Are you a supporting member of your family†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Yes†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ No†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ You prefer Gov Job †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Private Job†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Give reasons for gov job .†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Give reasons for private jobs †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ In your opinion the most basic reason of unemployment is a)Extreme growth of population b)Quota system c)Lack of resources’ d)Red ribbons e)Education system f)Non-coordination between education and jib opportunity 13. In your opinion what should be the method of selection for job candidates a)Test and interviews. b)Interviews and qualification c)Qualification and experience 14. You prefer, a)Professional education b)Simple education c)Technical education 15. Do women’s job play any role in increasing unemployment? Yes †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. No†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Do attitude of getting high level job play any role in increasing unemployment? Yes†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ No†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.

Briefly elaborate what this expressionist form consists of and how it Essay

Briefly elaborate what this expressionist form consists of and how it reflects the movement as a whole. Then relate these genera - Essay Example Moreover, it is depicted as choosing the subject matter of spiritual reclamation and using an oratorical tone. In reality, expressionism combined realist and symbolist objects and its transcendental instruments provided an intuition into the social and historical elements (Bronner & Kellner, 4). Expressionism has often been characterized based on the analytical and abstract proclamations of expressionist artists and literarians. In truth, the novel and modernistic art movements that prospered in Europe resulted in various confused ideas and beliefs that had been associated with the movement but had nothing to do with the art. Expressionism gained a significant artistic revolution after it rationalized its importance by proclaiming its profound unconventionality. The movement was further promoted by expressionist artists, literati, and publicists. It soon gained recognition due to its abstract writing and legitimating theories. Geoffrey Perkins also describes these as being the reason s for its demise. The â€Å"two Expressionisms† theory developed by Wolfgang Paulsen divides expressionism into two stages. It explains the distinction of each stage, the first one being detracting and extremely creative and the second one being unsophisticated, vocal and politically active stage. However, there are various contradictory trends in the movement which make it difficult to place them into distinct stages for example, â€Å"naive† and â€Å"sophisticated†, â€Å"rhetorical† and â€Å"formal†, and â€Å"artistic† and â€Å"political† (Bronner & Kellner, 5). The presence of the two extreme tendencies of artistic and political, and rhetorical and formal in the same works makes the segregation of expressionism into two categories unattainable. Expressionism has an inconsistent culture. The lack of homogeneity of expressionist rebellions allows inaccurate assumptions to be made. Despite difficulties in defining expressionism, this art movement has been influenced by the social conditions and the cultural traditions that existed in Germany during that time. Nietzsche’s powerful significance in Germany had a great impact on expressionism. Expressionist art was also influenced by romanticism, gothic, and baroque styles of painting (Bronner & Kellner, 7). The zeal and dissatisfaction of expressionist spurred them to demand novel forms of expressions thereby resulting in modernization. Expressionism is therefore a crucial source of knowledge illustrating subjectivity through its paradoxical attempts (Bronner & Kellner, 31). The film The Cabinet of Doctor Caligari was written by two authors, Hans Janowitz ad Carl Mayer. The story was influenced by an event Janowitz experienced before World War I near Holstenwall. In trying to find an inspiration, he followed the path of a girl’s laugh which seemed to taper off behind a shrubbery. Few minutes later a dark bourgeois man passed him and the next day a murder in Holstenwall made the headlines (Kracauer, 1). The story of the film is therefore located in Holstenwall where a fair moves. It is also important to note that Janowitz had served as an officer in the regiment during World War I and had returned developing a sense of hatred for the authority that resulted in the deaths of millions of people. After both the authors had written the manuscript they were stuck at the name of the

Porters diamond model was developed to explain the competitive Essay

Porters diamond model was developed to explain the competitive advantage of globally leading industries in different countries. To what extent do you believe that the model is effective in achieving this - Essay Example Intensity of global competition is very high today mainly due to the fast growth of emerging economies like China, India, and Brazil. Alliances of emerging economies like BRICS play a significant role in influencing the competitiveness of national economies. This paper will analyse to what extent the Porter’s diamond model is effective in achieving its stated objectives giving particular focus to concepts of industry clusters, diamond model, and emerging nations. According to traditional economic theories, the major factors affecting the competitive advantage of regions or nations were land, location, natural resources, labour, and the population size. As none of these factors can be influenced by external forces, people had believed that national prosperity was passive or inherited and hence nothing could be done to improve the situation. However, Porter argued that sustained industrial growth is not depended on these basic inherited factors. In order to replace this traditional misconception, Porter introduced a concept called industry cluster, which represents a group of interconnected firms, suppliers, and related industries in a particular location. He stated that competitive advantage of nations is determined by four interlinked economic factors existing in such industry clusters. The theorist also suggested that these economic factors can be significantly influenced by strong technological and knowledge base, government support, skill ed workforce, and culture. According to a report by the Economist Intelligence Unit (2011), â€Å"there are few economic development policies as popular as clusters†. Recognising the importance of clusters, today countries, regions, and even cities strive to develop a network of complementary and competitive firms. The recent global financial crisis substantially increased the significance of clusters. The report also says that locating firms in the same place does not constitute clusters unless there

Factors That Have Led to An Increase in The Importance of Logistics as Research Paper

Factors That Have Led to An Increase in The Importance of Logistics as A Field of Study - Research Paper Example Strong links to the market (the customer) is the basis of corporate power. Since customer service drives the supply chain, professionals in logistics are best placed to implement value chain integration that yields customer satisfaction. The industries create future advantages based on the integration of logistics and international supply chains. Key words: Global economy, customer satisfaction, value, supply chain, diversity, technology, professionals. Factors that have led to an increase in the importance of logistics as a field of study Logistics refers to the process of scheduling, applying and controlling the effective, efficient storage and flow of services, goods and relevant information from origin to consumption. The management of the logistics process aims at meeting the users’ requirements. In a business sense, logistics is a critical aspect because it must support procurement, warehousing, inventory, distribution, human resources, financial, customer support and di stribution operations (Rodrigue, Comtois & Slack, 2006). Such operations are covered in the perspective of outbound, inbound, external and internal movements of materials and personnel. For materials, there is the additional aspect of return for environmental purposes. Apart from the physical items and personnel, logistics management also involves abstract items like information, time and energy, where the minimized use of capital is a universal concern (World Bank, 2010). This paper will discuss factors that have led to an increase in the importance of logistics as a field of study. The role played by logistics and supply chain management in a country’s economy makes the study of logistics critical towards increasing the country’s competitiveness in business. Because of the business objective of ensuring the correct items are available at the right time, place and quantity, logistics is inextricably linked to supply chains (Kahn & Kobayashi, 2007). It has become incre asingly important to study logistics and supply chain management because of the direct link to an economy’s revenues and cost structure as well as the competitiveness of producers in terms of quality of products and delivery times. Further, logistics affect the producers’ responsiveness to the requirements of consumers, which makes it important to understand how the growth in freight flow affects the current changes in local, regional and global economic systems (Waters, 2003). An understanding of logistics enables supply chain logisticians to associate optimum logistics performance with export diversification, trade expansion, economic growth and the capacity to draw direct foreign investments. This is because the competitiveness of an economy depends on how the logistics and supply chain perform (Hossein, 2010). When these factors are balanced, the value added to an economy by logistics exceeds the total costs. The growing complexity of supplying materials to busines ses as well as distributing products in a globalized supply chain also gives importance to the study of logistics (Christopher, 2010).

Case Study Of Changing Health Behaviour Tamara Nursing Essay

Case Study Of Changing Health Behaviour Tamara Nursing Essay Health behaviour is an accomplishment that enhances, continue or intimidate an individuals health (Barkway 2009, p. 126).The desire to change personal behaviour to enhance future health outcomes is usually overrated. It is inner personalities of the person that born or been nurtured the way they were. Health behaviour influences a lot of aspects in life and it is an ongoing process throughout lifespan. Experience and environmental factors influenced a persons behaviour. To transform ones health behaviours include prevention, management of treatment, right attitudes and awareness which are also the base to individuals perspectives. Variance between behaviour and knowledge might be within Tamara who professes to value health yet still smokes. Cognitive dissonance revealed that she recognized and understand the smoking effect in her heath, but her behaviour doesnt link with her knowledge and principles. With few attempts to change her smoking behaviour without success, its not just a matter on understanding and making it simple, therefore its important to identify what is involved in the process of behaviour change and turn it to psychology (Candlin 2008, p. 192). According to (Barkway 2009, p. 138) transtheoretical model of behaviour change, accommodate both behaviour and cognitive strategies. Cognitive based therapy help people to go further towards the perpetuation stage of positive health behaviour such as smoking cessation. In Australia, smoking is the third disease that causes most death: it is liable for about 80% of all lung cancer death and 20% of all other cancer deaths. Australian spent about 21 billion dollars in a year for tobacco in health care, social cost and business and passive smoking took life over 200 people a year; half of which are children. The healthcare setting is engaging and making a lot of awareness to the public; such as stop smoking campaign, going cold turkey, quit smoking month in working environment, Australia Better Health Initiative and Tags-program are aimed at children in primary schools. All these are to motivate and encourage all the young dynamic generation to quit smoking and to save the environment. Base on Tamaras case study, personal behaviours such as smoking, financial, fit in social and standard of living needs and do not need to be conventional to a health-focused model of behaviour change. Transtheorectical Model (TTM) of behaviour change analyses both behaviour and cognitive strategies. TTM also states clearly that the person can maintain the stages of positive health as maintenance and its also not uncommon for a person from maintenance stages to relapse before achieving to the stable stage. In this case study shows that Tamara has the determination to change and reached to the maintenance stage but her social circle influences are greater than her strong abilities, which makes her to reverse on the different stages in TTM. As a health professional to obtain successful outcomes of nursing care, the nurse must adopt the role as patient educator to start and facilitate the process of health behaviour change. The purpose to change a persons behaviour completely is impossib le but with effort, educations and reasoning can make the most changed in an individuals behaviour. TTM model was developed by Procaska and DiClemente (1984) from addiction research studies and was further expand by Prochaska et al (1992) as stated in (Barkway 2009 p. 138). Stages in TTM encourage a person to analyses as a cycle of change but not a failure. A precontemplation stage is where Tamara is not aware that smoking is bad to health and she does not feel as a treat because her parents are smokers and she has been broad up in such an environment that is acceptable. She might have the perception that if my parents smoke and they are healthy and so am I. Tamaras self esteem and pride that pulled her through when she is out with her friends and she feel herself been left out if she does not smoke as all her friends smoke. In the other hand she also used smoking as to maintain her body weight. In contemplation stage it is an effective stage where Tamara is aware that smoking is bad for health and in result there is a need to change after her father was diagnosed with early stage of emphysema. Her fathers state triggered Tamaras awareness and realized smoking is harmful for health. Preparation stage is where Tamara became aware the potential harm caused by smoking and makes an attempt to stop smoking by reducing it to only smoke on weekends. Action is the most crucial stage where autonomy and willpower plays an important role in decision making for an individual to choose the best for them (Leddy 2006, p. 165). For Tamara she decided to quit smoking for good due to her fathers illness. Maintenance or termination stage is whereby a person has to self control, belief on what the person need to achieve and has the resistance to temptation to surrounding environments and influences by social activities. In Tamaras situation she lacks of determination and willpower on her goals to cease smoking where the state that she relapsed and resume to daily smoking. Tamara has only short term achievement. Due to relapse, the whole process of TTM stages starts to recycle again. According to (West 2006, p. 774) argued that TTM are no stages in any significant sense and there is no cycle of change. TTM also mention that if a persons desire and if that condition is right, stimulates an attempt at change whose success depends on their background and personal factors. According to Prochaska, TTM model was the first model to tackle the subject at a population level. According to Prochaska, TTM is a progressive approach whereby individuals have to progress through stages but (West 2006, p. 775) argued that TTM should be a stage free whereby people who are at a given moment where more or less, than those who are in the process of trying to change and others who are more or less ascertain in their new behaviour styles. And yet another journal also reviewed that the effectiveness of interventions in TTM, regardless whether it is stage progression, behaviour change and with either no or with other type of intervention, or usual care control have limited evidence to be proven (Bridle et al. 2005, p. 295). According to (West 2006, p. 775) criticized TTM is a model whereby it overlooked the essential motivation process of an individual but Prochaska mentioned that TTM does include operant learning principles and not simply the positive and negative type of analysis. According to (West 2006, p. 775) that human beings inspiration is much livelier and influenced by the instant context. According to Prochaska, action stage needs a significant commitment of time and energy. This is the stage where an individual gets most recognition from others because of their visible efforts (West 2006, p. 775). Research caution not to oversight this visible action of trying to change naturally because that the individual only change when there is a must to change as when there is a need to reached the definite goal; a decisive factor which scientist and experts agree is enough to reduce risk to the problem behaviour. TTM stages function outside conscious awareness and did not follow the decision making rules where it weigh up the costs and benefits. There is modest or no consideration of the notion of addiction which is obviously a crucial consideration when it comes to smoking behaviour. Prochaska described that temptation as the strength of urges to fit in a precise habit while in complex situation. Proschaska further mention that situations of negative effect or emotional distress, positive social situations, and cravings are the most common types of temptation to acknowledge. Temptation and self-efficacy have an inverse relationship with each other across the stages of change as its proven in studies (Guo 2009, p. 834). In an article it was shown that argument about the TTM was not against the existence or measurement of discrete entities that would be nonsensical, but (West 2006, p. 774) mentioned that TTM was actually criticized on the stages. There isnt any evidence to prove that TTM measures were superior to predicting the desire or intention of health behaviour change. In order for TTM to be generalized to the population, more studies should be carried out (Bridle et al. 2005, p. 299). It is important to analyse the process of hypothesis for each stages of transition in TTM (Guo 2009, p. 834). However, with the best evidence available it is limited not only in terms of methodological quality, but also the effectiveness of TTM interventions in health behaviour change in relation to either facilitate or promote progress stage (Bridle et al. 2005, p. 299). As a health professional has traditionally been apprehension with individuals risk factors for disease, economic, social and political causes for health issues. Its a challenge for a nurse to assist a person to change his/her lifestyle and there is no miracle to make a person to change their behaviour overnight. As a first step, Tamara should prepare herself on her action and planned on what she needs to help herself. Tamara also needs to be actively taking part in her action on developing and monitor herself on her progress. The healthcare professional has to set goals for Tamara and counselling is the first step of her improvement. During this stage of behaviour change, consciousnesses should be raised and assess the knowledge, barriers and how the family members can help Tamara; also check on the degree of the readiness of Tamara in change of herself. Tamara should prepare herself emotionally to face the physical, environment and her personal values. Tamaras counselling should include on how to handle her smoking influences when attend social activity, weight loss program-exercise and the harm of smoking effect for herself and people surrounding her. Evidence shows that women who are active in exercise initiated a quit attempt, which embrace promise and motivated to quit smoking (Vidrine et al. 2006, p. 101). Also set a quitting date, teach her coping skills. Build a good healthcare professional and patient relationship. Compassionate, empathy and concern from healthcare professional, that numerous smokers have effectively quit smoking (Vidrine et al. 2006, p. 101). As a healthcare professional, encourage or engage Tamara to speak to people who have successfully changed their lifestyle habits. In the early phase of change, the immediate positive verbal feedback of her desire should be re-assessed and re-evaluated by healthcare professional. That would help the healthcare professional to evaluate on how far Tamara has achieved her target. Arrange a support group, and telephone counselling, therefore whenever she feels she need a listening ear to reduce her stress, she can get help directly. That action would help to prevent her from relapse. As a healthcare professional, motivations, support and follow up on the progress of her health behaviour changes should be reviewed every 2 to 3 week for the initial period with telephone calls review, and 1to 3months of follow ups to check on her progress. Theres a lot of other ways of interventions and different types of healthcare professionals approaches in their own unique way for smoking cessation. More healthcare professionals training is needed in cessation of smoking and further behaviour researches in general have to establish. In conclusion, even there are pros and cons in TTM stages, it should be taken the measures of the attitudes as an individual towards quit smoking. All the result supports the concept that attitudes influences both intention and behaviour. TTM stages is a useful evaluation method, it can be use as a guide and valuable psycho-educational tools. TTM also facilitate and educate candidates about the change process in nature and dynamic of change. Feedbacks on performance are accurate and timely as the progress is crucial part of the self-regulatory cycle. Usage of Transtheorectical Model is base on the type of research as different research design offers different rank of evidence about the efficiency. TTM stages help a person to know where, when, how and at which stage change of behaviour affected, such as relapse and also help the person to improve or recover from the stage of relapse. Without stages its difficult for a healthcare professional to determine at what level or degree an individual is experiencing. Currently there are a lot of evidences supporting TTM and criticizing the model therefore it will be appealing to see what future will find.

The Magna Carta :: essays research papers

â€Å"Magna Carta† In this edition of â€Å"politics† we will take a look at one of the most influential documents in history, this document is known as the â€Å"Magna Carta†. We shall look at its importance and what exactly it means.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This past decade we have had many changes some good, some bad our nation has been desecrated by the black death, crusades have struck our country, and our king has unlawfully ruling our country for some time now. The magna Carta was written to limit the of the king and to obtain our natural rights. The Magna Carta became known as one of the first documents to ever reduce the power of a king. Without boundaries, a ruler will abuse his power over the people. So in order for a ruler to govern a nation correctly he must have laws and boundaries to follow. The Magna Carta was the first document to start a lawful monarchy in England. The need for this document was because King John had taxed, mis-governed and neglected the peoples rights until the barons, particularly Stephan hangton, forced him to sign the Magna Carta on June 15,1215. The Magna Carta contained sixty-three articles covering many topics such as the rights and liberties of the church, financial concerns, royal courts and the treasury, the sharing of power between the king and barons, and the kings relationship with his subjects. The Magna Carta stated â€Å"We have also granted to all free men of our realm, on the part of ourselves and our heirs forever; all the subjoined liberties, to have and to hold, to them and to the heirs, from us and from our heirs.† This article said that people have the right to liberty at all times and the king nor any other person could take that right away. The Magna Carta :: essays research papers â€Å"Magna Carta† In this edition of â€Å"politics† we will take a look at one of the most influential documents in history, this document is known as the â€Å"Magna Carta†. We shall look at its importance and what exactly it means.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This past decade we have had many changes some good, some bad our nation has been desecrated by the black death, crusades have struck our country, and our king has unlawfully ruling our country for some time now. The magna Carta was written to limit the of the king and to obtain our natural rights. The Magna Carta became known as one of the first documents to ever reduce the power of a king. Without boundaries, a ruler will abuse his power over the people. So in order for a ruler to govern a nation correctly he must have laws and boundaries to follow. The Magna Carta was the first document to start a lawful monarchy in England. The need for this document was because King John had taxed, mis-governed and neglected the peoples rights until the barons, particularly Stephan hangton, forced him to sign the Magna Carta on June 15,1215. The Magna Carta contained sixty-three articles covering many topics such as the rights and liberties of the church, financial concerns, royal courts and the treasury, the sharing of power between the king and barons, and the kings relationship with his subjects. The Magna Carta stated â€Å"We have also granted to all free men of our realm, on the part of ourselves and our heirs forever; all the subjoined liberties, to have and to hold, to them and to the heirs, from us and from our heirs.† This article said that people have the right to liberty at all times and the king nor any other person could take that right away.